Private Academies of Chinese Learning in Meiji Japan: The Decline ...

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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 20321 Shijodō saikyō no shushi, 8 December 1879, Nishinomiya documents,quoted in Akita-ken kyōikushi, 1:318.22 Articles in Akita kaji shinbun, 8, 10 and 12 February 1880, Akitakenkyōihushi,1:318–322.23 Akita-ken kyōikushi, 1:319.24 Kaji shinbun 1110 (6 May 1880), Akita-ken kyōikushi 1:323–4.25 Akita prefectural archives: Dai go gakumu kakari jimubo 3047; thedocuments do not indicate the outcome of the enquiry.26 Toda, “Jiyū kyōikurei”, 10.27 Letter to Akita Kaji shinbun by “Hisetsu ganshi” (pseudonym?), no.1306, 25 February 1881, Akita ken kyōikushi, 1:325–326.28 Toda, Akita-ken no kyōikushi, 261–266. The reports from officialinspections continued to mention Akita’s difficulty in establishinga system of public schools and getting children to attend them;Akita-ken kyōikushi, 1:286, 291–292; reports for 1881, 1886. See alsoMeiji jūgonen/jūrokunen chihōjunsatsushi fukumeisho (2 vols., San’ichishobō, 1990), 1:675.29 Toda Kin’ichi, “Kanzawa Shigeru, Nishinomiya Tōcho”, in Akitakensōmubu hissho kohō ka, ed., Akita no senkaku 1, (Akita: Akitakenkōhō kyōkai, 1968), 127–130.30 Toda, “Kanzawa Shigeru”, 138–139.31 Toda, Akita-ken gakuseishi kenkyū, 412.32 Gumma-ken kyōikushi hensan iinkai hensan jimmu kyoku, ed.,Guma-kenkyōiku shi (Vol.1, Maebashi: Gumma-ken kyōiku iinkai,1972), 52–62.33 Chibaken kyōiku hyakunenshi hensan iinkai, ed., Chiba-kenkyōikuhyakunenshi (Vol.1, Chiba: Chiba-ken kyōiku iinkai, 1973),1239–57; Motoyama Yukihiko, ed., Meiji zenki gakkō seiritsu shi:kindai nihon no chūtōkyōikushi (Kyōto: Rinsen shoin, 1965), 407.34 Saitama-ken kyōiku iinkai, ed., Saitamaken kyōikushi (Vol. 3,Saitama: Saitama-ken kyōiku iinkai, 1968), 429–439.35 Kumida Katsuo, “Ehime-ken ni okeru gakusei taisei no tenkaikatei: shiritsu shōgakkō (shigaku, shijuku, kajuku) taisaku nodōkō”, Nihon nokyōiku gaku dai 6 shū (1963.10):125–127.36 Ōsaka-fu kyōiku iinkai, ed., Ōsaka-fu kyōiku hyakunenshi (Ōsaka:Ōsaka-fu kyōiku iinkai, 1971–2), 2:463; 3:1025–1026.37 The above examples are cited in Maeshima Masamitsu, Meiji ishinto hōken kyōgaku: Ikeda Sōan o chūshin ni”, Shinwa joshi daigakukenkyūronsō 26 (1993): 100–124; 117–120.38 Ueda Hirao, Tajima seijin Ikeda Sōan (Tajima bunka kōkai, 1993),57, 125– 127; Maeshima Masamitsu, “Ikeda Sōan to gikyo”, inBakumatsu Ikunogikyo no kenkyū (Kyoto: Meiseki shoten, 1992), 207.39 The evidence for this alleged episode seems tenuous. It ismentioned in Shizenrō Shujin (pseudonym), “Meiji jidai kangaku
204 PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESE LEARNING IN MEIJI JAPANshikō.” Tōyō bunka 146–155 (1936–38). The author is probablyMakino Kenjirō, since the content of the series is almost exactly thesame as Makino Kenjirō, NihonKangakushi (Tokyō: Sekaidō shoten,1938). The episode is also mentioned in Higashi-ku shi (vol.5, ed.and publ. Ōsaka-shi Higashi-ku Hōenzaka-chō gaihyakugojūnanaka chō kukai, Osaka: Ōsaka-shi higashi-ku yakusho,1939), 296. Makino Kenjirō (1862–1937) attended Fujisawa’s juku(for biographical information on him, see collection of obituaries inTōyōbunka 153, 1937), so he might have witnessed or heard aboutthe episode from someone who had, if it took place.40 Byron K.Marshall, Learning to be Modern (Boulder, Westview Press,1994), 55.41 Hisaki Yukio, “Meiji jukyō to kyōiku”, Yokohama kokuritsu daigakukyōikukiyō 28 (1988):252–270; 267.42 This was suggested to me by a Japanese friend, who had heard itfrom her grandparents. See also Amano Ikuo, Education andExamination in ModernJapan (tr. William Cummings and FumikoCummings, Tokyo University Press, 1990), 180.43 See Margaret Mehl, “Women educators and the Confuciantradition in Meiji Japan (1868–1912): Miwada Masako and AtomiKakei”, Women’sHistory Review 10.4 (2001):579–602.44 Obara Kuniyoshi, ed., Nihon shin kyōiku hyakunenshi, vol.4(Tamagawa daigaku shuppanbu, 1869), 11–17.45 Teranuma Yoshibumi, Kurita Hiroshi no kenkyū—sono shōgai torekishigaku (Kinseisha 1974), 63–69; more sources on his juku in:Teranuma Yoshi-bumi, Mito no gakufū: toku ni Kurita Hiroshi ochūshin ni shite (Mito: Mito shigakukai, 1998).46 Ibaraki kōtō gakkō gojūnenshi hensan iinkai, ed., Ibaraki kōtōgakkōgojūnenshi (Mito: Ibaraki kōtō gakkō, 1977); see also Mitogakuin no yurai:Kōdōkan yori Mito gakuin made. (Chūgakkō settchihaishi ninka Ibaraki-ken 1 (Taishō 3 to Shōwa 21), NationalArchives (Kokuritsu kōbunsho kan), Monbushō 47/3A/10–11/1728.47 Mito ikkō hyakunenshi hensan iinkai, ed., Mito ikkō hyakunenshi(Ibaraki: Ibaraki kenritsu Mito daiichi kōtōgakkō, 1983), 93.48 Yoshioka Sakae, “Kangaku shijuku Jinan gakusha kō. Gōsonshijuku no ichirei”, in Bakumatsu ishin kangaku juku kenkyūkai,ed., Bakumatsuishinki ni okeru kangaku juku no sōgōteki kenkyū, 2 vols.(Saga: Bakumatsu ishin kangaku juku kenkyūkai, 1998–99), 2:15–43; 21–23. See also Abe Takayoshi, “Bakumatsu ishinki Mimasakano kangaku juku—Kyūken gakusha to Chihonkan”, ibid., 55–70.49 Chōya shinbun (2 May 1979), quoted in Meiji nyūsu jiten hensaniinkai, ed., Meiji nyūsu jiten, vol. 2 (Mainichi komyunikeeshonzu,1983), 44.
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PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESELEARNIN
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iii90. Olof G.Lidin: Tanegashima—
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Nordic Institute of Asian StudiesMo
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viiA woman changing with the times:
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Illustrations and TablesMAPPlaces m
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Preface and AcknowledgementsTHIS ST
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Notes on UsageJAPANESE WORDS ARE TR
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xvDay labourer, national average, p
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IntroductionTHE WORD JUKU (A PRIVAT
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INTRODUCTION 3period juku for other
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INTRODUCTION 5the 1870s, were stron
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INTRODUCTION 7Chapter 1 positions t
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INTRODUCTION 95 Nihon kyōikushi sh
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EDUCATION IN TRANSITION FROM THE TO
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CHAPTER TWOKangaku Juku in the Meij
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CHAPTER THREECase StudiesBEFORE DIS
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CHAPTER FOURLife at the JukuWHAT WA
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 119If the entire p
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 121Hōkoku’s fam
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 123was transferred
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 125students of all
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 127The transformat
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 129Thus personal (
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 131expound back an
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 133The list includ
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 135Suisaien has al
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 137Possibly the de
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 139Kumamoto prefec
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 141there is a smal
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 143moment. From no
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 145them? /Work har
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 147the country. In
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 149chose this time
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 151from the juku a
Page 170 and 171: LIFE AT THE JUKU 153importance with
Page 172 and 173: department of Gyōsei gakkō. Thus
Page 174 and 175: LIFE AT THE JUKU 157yōgaku student
Page 176 and 177: LIFE AT THE JUKU 159Reminiscenses e
Page 178 and 179: LIFE AT THE JUKU 161of Kangien stud
Page 180 and 181: LIFE AT THE JUKU 163was variable, a
Page 182 and 183: LIFE AT THE JUKU 165Ikeda laments t
Page 184 and 185: LIFE AT THE JUKU 167Kumamoto Nichin
Page 186 and 187: LIFE AT THE JUKU 169Los Angeles: Un
Page 188 and 189: LIFE AT THE JUKU 17178 Yamamura, Ba
Page 190 and 191: LIFE AT THE JUKU 173kyōikuka (Roma
Page 192 and 193: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 175around t
Page 194 and 195: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 17795). Nis
Page 196 and 197: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 179Hiramoto
Page 198 and 199: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 181female.
Page 200 and 201: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 183onwards
Page 202 and 203: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 185debate o
Page 204 and 205: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 187Kōun (b
Page 206 and 207: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 189as an el
Page 208 and 209: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 191by his p
Page 210 and 211: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 193attended
Page 212 and 213: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 195reflecti
Page 214 and 215: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 197elsewher
Page 216 and 217: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 199and pass
Page 218 and 219: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 201potentia
Page 222 and 223: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 20550 See a
Page 224 and 225: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 20786 On to
Page 226 and 227: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 209which Nar
Page 228 and 229: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 211Figure 9:
Page 230 and 231: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 213the aim t
Page 232 and 233: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 215includes
Page 234 and 235: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 217part of f
Page 236 and 237: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 219from his
Page 238 and 239: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 221publisher
Page 240 and 241: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 223following
Page 242 and 243: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 225juku, alt
Page 244 and 245: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 227Confucian
Page 246 and 247: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 229The study
Page 248 and 249: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 231gratitude
Page 250 and 251: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 233schools;
Page 252 and 253: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 23527 The fo
Page 254 and 255: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 23762 Thomas
Page 256 and 257: CONCLUSION 239Figure 10: Scene from
Page 258 and 259: CONCLUSION 241IS THE JUKU UNIQUE?Th
Page 260 and 261: CONCLUSION 243and the Byzantine Emp
Page 262 and 263: CONCLUSION 245would be monitored by
Page 264 and 265: Select BibliographyFor books on ind
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IndexThe main entry for titles of C
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INDEX 257Han fei zi. See Kanpishi.h
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INDEX 259Kobun shinpō (Guwen zhenb
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INDEX 261Readers of the Eight Maste
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INDEX 263Tatemori Manpei (Kō, Chū
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