Private Academies of Chinese Learning in Meiji Japan: The Decline ...

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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 233schools; they were not (yet?) part of a system linking education toworldly benefits. In contrast, today’s juku represent a pragmaticapproach to education, while the public schools are influenced bya more idealistic attitude.The juku in its original form became extinct in the latenineteenth century. There is no direct continuity linking the twoimages evoked by the word juku, described in the introduction. Yetthere are individual strands that can be followed from thenineteenth century into our own time. The traditional juku,moreover, still has the power to inspire. Is it true that noinstitution in Japan really dies, but instead lives on in some otherform? If so, thenthe juku’s legacy would seem to illustrate this.NOTES1 Ann Waswo, “Modernization and its Discontents”, in ModernJapaneseSociety 1868–1994 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996),90–103.2 Carol Gluck, “The Invention of Edo”, in Stephen Vlastos, ed.,Mirrors ofModernity: Invented Traditions of Modern Japan (Berkeleyand Los Angelesn: University of California Press, 1998), 262–284.3 Quoted in Taniguchi Kairan, Shimane jurinden (Kairan shoya,1940), 54– 55.4 Dazai Shundai (1680–1747); disciple of Ogyū Sorai; writings onethical problems and social reform.5 Taniguchi, Shimane jurinden, 57–59.6 NHK open university programme, Kyōiku no rekishi (The history ofeducation).7 Details about Ikeda Sōan’s works can be found in Hikita Seiyū,“Ikeda Sōan”, in Ōnishi Harutaka, Hikita Seiyū, Kasuga Sen’an,Ikeda Sōan (Meitoku shuppansha, 1986), 329–331; Okada Takehiko,Edoki no jugaku (Mokujisha, 1982), 348–365, provides a briefexplanation of the main works.8 On activities to commemorate Sōan, see Ueda Hirao, Tajima seijinIkedaSōan (Kasai: Tajima bunka kyōkai/Fuji shobō, 1993), 226–236,240–241; appendices to the re-publication of Toyoda Shōhachirō,Tajima Seijin (Yōka-chō: Seikei shoin, 1983); Seikei shoin hozonkai,ed. Seikei shoinkaijuku 150 shūnen kinen (2): Seikei shoin—Meiji—Taishō—Shōwa—Heisei (Yōka-chō: Seikei Shōin, 1998); theprogrammatic statement for the centenary celebrations is after thefirst 68 pages.9 Asamori Kaname, Bichū seijin Yamada Hōkoku (Okayama: Sanyōshinbunsha, 1995), 257–258; Asamori’s contention that Hōkoku is
234 PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESE LEARNING IN MEIJI JAPANthe only person to have a railway station named after him is notentirely true; the Tsurumi line in Yokohama, opened in 1930, hastwo stations named after businessmen; however, it was a privateline at the time, only becom ing nationalized in 1943. I thankProfessor Furukawa Takahisa (postcard, 26 February 2000) for thisinformation.10 Imamura Shinzō, Sueyasu Shōji, Bichū Takahashi (Okayama: San’yōshinbunsha, 1991), 76–78, 91–92.11 Photograph in Asamori, Bichū seijin, 262.12 Map of historical locations connected with Yamada Hōkoku inAsamori, Bichū seijin, 275.13 Shizutani gakkōshi hensan iinkai, ed., Shizutani gakkō shi.(Okayama: Shizutani gakkōshi kankōkai/Bizenshi kyōiku iinkai,1971).14 See Chapter 4, “The students”.15 E.g. Hakuen 6 (1928.8.30).16 Kaiin meibō 1938. Hakuen dōsōkai (printed copy: Kansai daigakuTōsai gakujutsu kenkyūsho).17 “Zadankai Hakuen o kataru”, Hakuen 4 (1965).18 Plans for the museum had already been drawn up beforeTakeshita announced the grants.19 For this and the following see Gavan McCormack, The Emptiness ofJapanese Affluence (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1996), 78–106; JenniferRobertson, Native and Newcomer: Making and Remaking a JapaneseCity (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press,1991), 4–37. On the commemoration of Kan Chazan and MorohashiTetsuji see also Margaret Mehl, “Local Heroes”, History Today 51.8(August 2001), 36–37.20 Mikado Kazunori, Gakkō kyōiku ni okeru juku no seishin (Kyoto:Daitosha, 1943), 54–58; 60.21 Kangaku no sato Morohashi Tetsuji Kinenkan, ed. MorohashiTetsujihakushi no shōgai, (Niigata-ken Minami Kanbara-gunShitada-mura: Shitada-mura, 1992), 23; 96–97.22 “Kōsō Katsura Tarō mo Shōka sonjuku no nagare o kumu hitori dearu”; Nishimura Kiyohito, “Juku/ryō seisei to gakuto: Taishōkikara gakuto shutsurin ki ni kakete no”, Takushoku daigakuhyakunenshi kenkyū 5 (1993): 170–188; 170.23 sessa takuma; Nishimura, “Juku/ryō seisei”, 172.24 Nishimura, “Juku/ryō seisei”, 183–184.25 Marshall, Learning to be Modern, 100; Naka Arata, Itō Toshiyuki,Nihonkindai kyōiku shi (Fukumura shuppan, 1984), 160–164.26 Nihon shiritsu chūgaku kōtō gakkō rengōkai, ed. SugiyamaKatsumi (author), Mirai wo kirihiraku gakkō kyōiku: shigakkō no ayumito tenbō (Gakuji shuppan, 1993), 76–79.
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PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESELEARNIN
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iii90. Olof G.Lidin: Tanegashima—
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Nordic Institute of Asian StudiesMo
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viiA woman changing with the times:
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Illustrations and TablesMAPPlaces m
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Preface and AcknowledgementsTHIS ST
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Notes on UsageJAPANESE WORDS ARE TR
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xvDay labourer, national average, p
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IntroductionTHE WORD JUKU (A PRIVAT
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INTRODUCTION 3period juku for other
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INTRODUCTION 5the 1870s, were stron
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INTRODUCTION 7Chapter 1 positions t
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INTRODUCTION 95 Nihon kyōikushi sh
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EDUCATION IN TRANSITION FROM THE TO
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CHAPTER TWOKangaku Juku in the Meij
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CHAPTER THREECase StudiesBEFORE DIS
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CHAPTER FOURLife at the JukuWHAT WA
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 119If the entire p
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 121Hōkoku’s fam
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 123was transferred
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 125students of all
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 127The transformat
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 129Thus personal (
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 131expound back an
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 133The list includ
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 135Suisaien has al
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 137Possibly the de
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 139Kumamoto prefec
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 141there is a smal
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 143moment. From no
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 145them? /Work har
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 147the country. In
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 149chose this time
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 151from the juku a
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 153importance with
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department of Gyōsei gakkō. Thus
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 157yōgaku student
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 159Reminiscenses e
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 161of Kangien stud
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 163was variable, a
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 165Ikeda laments t
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 167Kumamoto Nichin
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 169Los Angeles: Un
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 17178 Yamamura, Ba
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 173kyōikuka (Roma
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 175around t
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 17795). Nis
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 179Hiramoto
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 181female.
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Page 202 and 203: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 185debate o
Page 204 and 205: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 187Kōun (b
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Page 210 and 211: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 193attended
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Page 216 and 217: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 199and pass
Page 218 and 219: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 201potentia
Page 220 and 221: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 20321 Shijo
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Page 224 and 225: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 20786 On to
Page 226 and 227: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 209which Nar
Page 228 and 229: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 211Figure 9:
Page 230 and 231: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 213the aim t
Page 232 and 233: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 215includes
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Page 238 and 239: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 221publisher
Page 240 and 241: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 223following
Page 242 and 243: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 225juku, alt
Page 244 and 245: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 227Confucian
Page 246 and 247: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 229The study
Page 248 and 249: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 231gratitude
Page 252 and 253: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 23527 The fo
Page 254 and 255: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 23762 Thomas
Page 256 and 257: CONCLUSION 239Figure 10: Scene from
Page 258 and 259: CONCLUSION 241IS THE JUKU UNIQUE?Th
Page 260 and 261: CONCLUSION 243and the Byzantine Emp
Page 262 and 263: CONCLUSION 245would be monitored by
Page 264 and 265: Select BibliographyFor books on ind
Page 266 and 267: PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESE LEARNI
Page 272 and 273: IndexThe main entry for titles of C
Page 274 and 275: INDEX 257Han fei zi. See Kanpishi.h
Page 276 and 277: INDEX 259Kobun shinpō (Guwen zhenb
Page 278 and 279: INDEX 261Readers of the Eight Maste
Page 280 and 281: INDEX 263Tatemori Manpei (Kō, Chū
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