Private Academies of Chinese Learning in Meiji Japan: The Decline ...

EDUCATION IN TRANSITION FROM THE TOKUGAWA TO THE MEIJI PERIOD 37achievements of kangaku scholars; Shizenrō Shūjin (pseudonym,probably Makino Kenjirō, since the content of the article is almostexactly the same as Makino’s book), “Meiji jidai kangaku shikō”,Tōyō bunka 146–155 (1936–37). Makino Kenjirō, Nihon Kangakushi,(Sekaidō shoten, 1938). Shibunkai, Shibun rokujū nenshi (Shibunkai,1929). Miura Kanai, Meiji no kangaku, (Okayama, by the author,1981); Meiji nokangaku: Meiji no bunjin to kanbungaku, (Okayama, bythe author, 1987).Western scholars have usually limited themselves to oneparticular aspect of kangaku, e.g. Warren Smith, Confucianism inModern Japan: aStudy of Conservatism in Japanese Intellectual History(Hokuseidō Press, 1959, 1973). Other authors deal mainly withJapanese images of contemporary China, mentioning kangaku onlyfor background information; Marius B.Jansen, “Japanese Views ofChina during the Meiji Period”, Approaches to Modern ChineseHistory, ed. Albert Feuerwerker, Rhoads Murphy, Mary C.Wright(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1967),163–169, “Meiji Sinologues and China”, Marius B. Jansen, China inthe Tokugawa World (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,1992). Fogel, Joshua A. Politics and Sinology: The Case ofNaitō Konan(1866–1934) (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984);The Cultural Dimension of Sino-Japanese Relations (Armonk: M.E.Sharpe, 1995).The following is based on Margaret Mehl, “Chinese Learning(kangaku) in Meiji Japan (1868–1912)”, History (85) 2000:48–66.55 Smith, Confucianism, 5456 Donald Keene, “Writing in Chinese of the Meiji Era”, Dawn to theWest:Japanese Literature of the Modern Era (New York: Henry Holt,1987), 36–54; 5357 See Margaret Mehl, History and the State in Nineteenth-Century Japan(London: Macmillan: 1998).58 An analysis of Nihon fūkei ron is provided by Valerie R.Hamilton,TheDevelopment of Mountaineering in Meiji Japan: From the Arrival ofWesternInfluences to the Formation of the Japanese Alpine Club (M.Litt.thesis, Stirling, September 1996).59 Nanette Twine, Language and the Modern State: The Reform ofWrittenJapanese (London: Routledge, 1991), 214.60 Miura Kanai, “Meiji no shin kangakusha. Akamon bunshi to sonokatsudō”, Tōyō bunka, fukkan, 63 (1989), 51–64.61 Towards the end of the Tokugawa period performanceincreasingly became more important than rank for samuraiseeking prestige and power, but the class system was still upheldin principle. See Dore, Education in Tokugawa Japan, 176–213.62 Umada Hideo, Shigaku hyakunenshi (Azuma, 1969), 31–34.