Private Academies of Chinese Learning in Meiji Japan: The Decline ...

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PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESE LEARNING IN MEIJI JAPAN 49few are known to have continued into the twentieth century, andsome became schools that still exist today.JUKU OUTSIDE TOKYOThe situation outside Tokyo was different and containedconsiderable variations between regions, depending oneducational provision before Meiji, how government policieswere interpreted and executed by the prefectural authorities andhow the new education system developed there. A few examplesshall be given. 30According to NKSS, Okayama prefecture had the highestnumber of juku. The area of the future Okayama prefecture wasgenerally well-off for educational institutions at the time of theMeiji Restoration. 31 The oldest domain school in the country wasestablished in Okayama domain in 1666. Okayama also had thethird highest number of terakoya afterYamaguchi and Nagano. Infact, commoner education was particularly well developed inOkayama. Perhaps the most famous example of a gōkō, acommunity school established with support from the domainauthorities for commoners and lower samurai, was Shizutanigakkō in Okayama domain.After the Meiji Restoration, reforms of education wereattempted. The domain school was reorganized and Westernlearning introduced. New schools for commoners were opened,but mostly in the traditional style of terakoya or juku. The domainschools had to close after the abolition of the domains. Perhapsbecause commoner education was relatively widespread,Okayama suffered more than its share of rebellions againstattempts to introduce modern schooling in the early 1870s.Nevertheless, the number of elementary schools grew, and by1882 there were 742; from early Meiji, school attendance wasabove the national average. As in other prefectures, middleschools took longer to develop. In 1899 the sixth of theprestigious “numbered high schools” was established inOkayama, which became an educational centre for the Chūgokuand Shikoku regions of southwest Japan.How did these developments affect juku? Most of the jukulisted in NKSS are recorded as having closed in 1872. Only fiveare listed as having continued for longer, one until 1877, and fourthat were still operating at the time of the investigation. 32 Itseems likely that other juku also continued or reopend, but
50 KANGAKU JUKU IN THE MEIJI PERIODdetailed investigations only exist for a few juku. 33 At any rate,juku were the most important educational institutions for severalyears. An investigation carried out in 1879 lists 66 juku, 38 ofwhich were recorded as offering secondary education (chūgaku),the others elementary education. 34 Three of the four in operationat the time of the investigation for NKSS were still open; all wereformerly listed as kangaku juku. As late as 1887 a kangaku scholarcould set himself up as a teacher outside the larger towns, asshown by the example of Ōzawa Kichijūrō (d. 1921) in what isnow the small town of Aida in the northeast of the prefecture. 35There is no evidence in the histories of education in theprefecture of a particularly suppressive policy towards juku, andjuku provided most of the education beyond elementary leveluntil regular schools were established.The fifth-highest number of juku is recorded for Ōita prefecture(92), after Okayama, Nagano (125), Tokyo (123) and Yamaguchi(106). 36 Subsequent research has brought the number up to 166juku. 37 Of these, nine which opened in the Tokugawa or earlyMeiji period are recorded to have survived beyond 1873–74.Most of the juku were kangaku juku. Twenty-seven juku openedafter 1877, some as late as the early twentieth century; many ofthem offered several subjects, sometimes described as futsū gakka,indicating that they followed the mainstream curriculum.Ōita prefecture is the home of the famous Kangien in Hita. It isrecorded as having closed 1874. Until then, however, it flourishedand had more students than ever during its last years. While theaverage number or entrants was 58 per year from 1801 to 1871, itwas 84 between 1862 and 1871. The last years of Kangien also sawan increase in the proportion of samurai, although they stillremained a small minority. 38 Whether it really ceased to operatecompletely is not certain. Even if it did, it was reopened byHirose Gōden, and under him and two successors a total of 338entrants are recorded for the years 1885 to 1897, most of themlocal and in their late teens and twenties. 39Only one private middle school (established in 1878) isrecorded in Ōita prefecture before 1879. 40 Ōita therefore appearsas an example of a prefecture where new schools, at least atsecondary level, were slow to develop, while traditionalinstitutions filled the gap in provision.The picture in Fukuoka prefecture, which borders on Ōita, issomewhat different. 41 During the Meiji period, Northern Kyūshūwith its coal mines became an important industrial region, but in
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PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESELEARNIN
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iii90. Olof G.Lidin: Tanegashima—
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Nordic Institute of Asian StudiesMo
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viiA woman changing with the times:
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Illustrations and TablesMAPPlaces m
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Preface and AcknowledgementsTHIS ST
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Notes on UsageJAPANESE WORDS ARE TR
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Page 18 and 19: IntroductionTHE WORD JUKU (A PRIVAT
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Page 26 and 27: INTRODUCTION 95 Nihon kyōikushi sh
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PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESE LEARNI
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CHAPTER FOURLife at the JukuWHAT WA
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 119If the entire p
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 121Hōkoku’s fam
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 123was transferred
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 125students of all
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 127The transformat
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 129Thus personal (
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 131expound back an
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 133The list includ
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 135Suisaien has al
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 137Possibly the de
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 139Kumamoto prefec
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 141there is a smal
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 143moment. From no
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 145them? /Work har
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 147the country. In
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 149chose this time
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 151from the juku a
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 153importance with
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department of Gyōsei gakkō. Thus
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 157yōgaku student
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 159Reminiscenses e
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 161of Kangien stud
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 163was variable, a
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 165Ikeda laments t
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 167Kumamoto Nichin
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 169Los Angeles: Un
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 17178 Yamamura, Ba
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 173kyōikuka (Roma
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 175around t
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 17795). Nis
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 179Hiramoto
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 181female.
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 183onwards
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 185debate o
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 187Kōun (b
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 189as an el
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 191by his p
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 193attended
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 195reflecti
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 197elsewher
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 199and pass
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 201potentia
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 20321 Shijo
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 20550 See a
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 20786 On to
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 209which Nar
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 211Figure 9:
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 213the aim t
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 215includes
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 217part of f
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 219from his
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 221publisher
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 223following
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 225juku, alt
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 227Confucian
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 229The study
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 231gratitude
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 233schools;
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 23527 The fo
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 23762 Thomas
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CONCLUSION 239Figure 10: Scene from
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CONCLUSION 241IS THE JUKU UNIQUE?Th
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CONCLUSION 243and the Byzantine Emp
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CONCLUSION 245would be monitored by
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Select BibliographyFor books on ind
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IndexThe main entry for titles of C
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INDEX 257Han fei zi. See Kanpishi.h
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INDEX 259Kobun shinpō (Guwen zhenb
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INDEX 261Readers of the Eight Maste
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INDEX 263Tatemori Manpei (Kō, Chū
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