Private Academies of Chinese Learning in Meiji Japan: The Decline ...

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EDUCATION IN TRANSITION FROM THE TOKUGAWA TO THE MEIJI PERIOD 37achievements of kangaku scholars; Shizenrō Shūjin (pseudonym,probably Makino Kenjirō, since the content of the article is almostexactly the same as Makino’s book), “Meiji jidai kangaku shikō”,Tōyō bunka 146–155 (1936–37). Makino Kenjirō, Nihon Kangakushi,(Sekaidō shoten, 1938). Shibunkai, Shibun rokujū nenshi (Shibunkai,1929). Miura Kanai, Meiji no kangaku, (Okayama, by the author,1981); Meiji nokangaku: Meiji no bunjin to kanbungaku, (Okayama, bythe author, 1987).Western scholars have usually limited themselves to oneparticular aspect of kangaku, e.g. Warren Smith, Confucianism inModern Japan: aStudy of Conservatism in Japanese Intellectual History(Hokuseidō Press, 1959, 1973). Other authors deal mainly withJapanese images of contemporary China, mentioning kangaku onlyfor background information; Marius B.Jansen, “Japanese Views ofChina during the Meiji Period”, Approaches to Modern ChineseHistory, ed. Albert Feuerwerker, Rhoads Murphy, Mary C.Wright(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1967),163–169, “Meiji Sinologues and China”, Marius B. Jansen, China inthe Tokugawa World (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,1992). Fogel, Joshua A. Politics and Sinology: The Case ofNaitō Konan(1866–1934) (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984);The Cultural Dimension of Sino-Japanese Relations (Armonk: M.E.Sharpe, 1995).The following is based on Margaret Mehl, “Chinese Learning(kangaku) in Meiji Japan (1868–1912)”, History (85) 2000:48–66.55 Smith, Confucianism, 5456 Donald Keene, “Writing in Chinese of the Meiji Era”, Dawn to theWest:Japanese Literature of the Modern Era (New York: Henry Holt,1987), 36–54; 5357 See Margaret Mehl, History and the State in Nineteenth-Century Japan(London: Macmillan: 1998).58 An analysis of Nihon fūkei ron is provided by Valerie R.Hamilton,TheDevelopment of Mountaineering in Meiji Japan: From the Arrival ofWesternInfluences to the Formation of the Japanese Alpine Club (M.Litt.thesis, Stirling, September 1996).59 Nanette Twine, Language and the Modern State: The Reform ofWrittenJapanese (London: Routledge, 1991), 214.60 Miura Kanai, “Meiji no shin kangakusha. Akamon bunshi to sonokatsudō”, Tōyō bunka, fukkan, 63 (1989), 51–64.61 Towards the end of the Tokugawa period performanceincreasingly became more important than rank for samuraiseeking prestige and power, but the class system was still upheldin principle. See Dore, Education in Tokugawa Japan, 176–213.62 Umada Hideo, Shigaku hyakunenshi (Azuma, 1969), 31–34.
38 PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESE LEARNING IN MEIJI JAPAN63 See table in Ōita ken kyōiku hyakunenshi 3 (Shiryōhen 1), ed. Ōita-kenkyōiku hyakunenshi henshū jimu kyoku (Ōita: Ōita-ken kyōikuiinkai, 1976), 35–42.64 See also Dore, Education in Tokugawa Japan, 295–301.65 See Carol Gluck, Japan’s Modern Myths (Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press, 1985), 27–29. On the language issue see AnnetteSkovsted Hansen, “Leaders in Change: the Way to OfficialLanguage Reform”, in Ian Neary, ed., Leaders and Leadership inJapan (Richmond, Surrey: Japan Library 1996), 89–102.66 Kenneth Pyle, The New Generation in Meiji Japan: Problems ofCulturalIdentity, 1885–1895 (Stanford: Stanford University Press1969).
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PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESELEARNIN
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Page 10 and 11: Illustrations and TablesMAPPlaces m
Page 12 and 13: Preface and AcknowledgementsTHIS ST
Page 14 and 15: Notes on UsageJAPANESE WORDS ARE TR
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Page 18 and 19: IntroductionTHE WORD JUKU (A PRIVAT
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Page 24 and 25: INTRODUCTION 7Chapter 1 positions t
Page 26 and 27: INTRODUCTION 95 Nihon kyōikushi sh
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PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESE LEARNI
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CHAPTER FOURLife at the JukuWHAT WA
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 119If the entire p
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 121Hōkoku’s fam
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 123was transferred
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 125students of all
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 127The transformat
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 129Thus personal (
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 131expound back an
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 133The list includ
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 135Suisaien has al
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 137Possibly the de
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 139Kumamoto prefec
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 141there is a smal
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 143moment. From no
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 145them? /Work har
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 147the country. In
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 149chose this time
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 151from the juku a
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 153importance with
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department of Gyōsei gakkō. Thus
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 157yōgaku student
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 159Reminiscenses e
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 161of Kangien stud
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 163was variable, a
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 165Ikeda laments t
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 167Kumamoto Nichin
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 169Los Angeles: Un
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 17178 Yamamura, Ba
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 173kyōikuka (Roma
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 175around t
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 17795). Nis
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 179Hiramoto
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 181female.
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 183onwards
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 185debate o
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 187Kōun (b
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 189as an el
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 191by his p
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 193attended
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 195reflecti
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 197elsewher
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 199and pass
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 201potentia
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 20321 Shijo
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 20550 See a
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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 20786 On to
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 209which Nar
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 211Figure 9:
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 213the aim t
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 215includes
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 217part of f
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 219from his
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 221publisher
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 223following
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 225juku, alt
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 227Confucian
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 229The study
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 231gratitude
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 233schools;
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 23527 The fo
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 23762 Thomas
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CONCLUSION 239Figure 10: Scene from
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CONCLUSION 241IS THE JUKU UNIQUE?Th
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CONCLUSION 243and the Byzantine Emp
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CONCLUSION 245would be monitored by
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Select BibliographyFor books on ind
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IndexThe main entry for titles of C
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INDEX 257Han fei zi. See Kanpishi.h
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INDEX 259Kobun shinpō (Guwen zhenb
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INDEX 261Readers of the Eight Maste
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INDEX 263Tatemori Manpei (Kō, Chū
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