Private Academies of Chinese Learning in Meiji Japan: The Decline ...

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THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 20550 See also “Shijuku/kajuku/shiritsu gakko” in Umihara Tōru, Gakkō(Kondō shuppansha, 1979), 132–133; Nakura Eisaburō, “Meiji zenkiTokyo shigakushi kenkyū”, Shigaku kyōiku kenkyūsho kiyō dai nishū(1967):1–19; pp. 1–5.51 “Gakkō o shite dai ni no kazoku tarashimeyo”, Washizu Kōun:Yūrinsha shiryōshū (copy in Ichinomiya City Library Toyoshimabranch, A094/ 1/15).52 Kanbe, Nihon ni okeru chūgakkō, 234.53 Tamae Hikotarō, Seibyō Suematsu Kenchō no shōgai (Fukuoka:Ishobō yūgen kaisha, 1985), 22–43.54 Katayama Sen jiden (Shinrisha, 1949), 47–102.55 Katayama Sen jiden, 90; 97.56 See Conclusion.57 Sohō jiden (Nihonjin no jiden; Heibonsha, 1982); John D.Pierson,TokutomiSohō, 1863–1957—A Journalist for Modern Japan (Princeton,New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1980). See also KennethB.Pyle, The NewGeneration in Meiji Japan: Problems of CulturalIdentity, 1885–1895 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1969).58 Futabatei Shimei, Mediocrity, tr. Glenn W.Shaw (Hokuseidō, 1927),147. See Introduction to Japan’s First Modern Novel: Ukigumo byMarleigh Grayer Ryan (New York: Columbia University Press,1967); Futabatei, who attended a variety of public and privateschools, including the juku of Uchimura Rokō, is another goodexample of an educational career in Sohō’s generation.59 The Autobiography of Ōsugi Sakae, tr. Byron K.Marshall, (Berkeleyand Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992), 56–58; theincident ended with the association withdrawing their vote ofcensure and the headmaster resigning from the school.60 Lafcadio Hearn, Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan (Leipzig, BernhardTauchnitz, 1907), 174–175.61 Mikami Sanji, Meiji jidai no rekishi gakukai: Mikami Sanji kaikyūdan(Tokyo: Yoshikawa kōbunkan, 1991), 1–8.62 Information on Makino from the obituaries in Tōyō bunka 153(June 1937):63–78, especially by his son Tatsumi, 63–68, and MiuraKanai, 75– 78.63 Autobiography in Nihon jin no jiden (Heibonsha, 1982), 9:60.64 Hasegawa Nyozekan jiden (Nihonjin no jiden 4, Heibonsha, 1982), 240–318; especially his comments, 327–8.65 Kangaku no sato Morohashi Tetsuji Kinenkan, ed., MorohashiTetsujihakushi no shōgai (Niigata-ken Minami Kanbara-gun Shitadamura:Shitada-mura, 1992).66 Thomas A.Stanley, Ōsugi Sakae: Anarchist in Taishō Japan—TheCreativityof the Ego (Cambridge, Massachusets: Harvard UniversityCouncil on East Asian Studies, 1982), 14–15. On Ōsugi Sakae’s
206 PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESE LEARNING IN MEIJI JAPANeducation see also TheAutobiography of Ōsugi Sakae. F.G.Nothelfer,Kōtoku Shūsui. Portrait of aJapanese Radical (Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1971); not much is known about Kido Mei’skangaku juku; see Kōchi-ken Hata-gun Nakamurachō yakuba, ed.,Nakamura-chō shi (Nakamura, 1950). Nakamurashi shihensanshitsu, ed., Nakamura-shi shi (publ. Nakamura-shi, 1996)includes a card Shūsui sent to Kido Mei in 1903; Kido-ke no rekishi(ed. and publ. Ueda Shōgorō, Nakamura, 1971) contains somebiographical information on Kido Mei.67 Autobiography, 33–34; 50.68 Autobiography, 108; 120–121.69 Byron K.Marshall, Academic Freedom and the Japanese ImperialUniversity,1868–1939 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University ofCalifornia Press, 1992), 32–39.70 Earl H.Kinmonth, The Self-Made Man in Meiji Japanese Thought:FromSamurai to Salary man (Berkeley and Los Angeles: Universityof California Press, 1981), 119.71 Katō Tokurō, in Watashi no rirekisho, Bunkajin 9 (Nihon keizaishinbun, 1984), 260–271.72 Takeuchi Yō, Gakureki kizoku no eikō to zasetsu (Chūō kōron shinsha,1999), 100.73 Marshall, Learning to be Modern, 66; Takeuchi, 99–101.74 Marshall, Learning to be Modern, 68.75 Amano Ikuo, Gakureki no shakaishi—kyōiku to Nihon no kindai(Shinchōsha, 1992), 51–60, 62.76 Amano, Gakureki no shakaishi, 136–140. See also Amano Ikuo,Educationand Examination.77 Amano, Gakureki no shakaishi, 113.78 Amano Ikuo, Nihon no kyōiku shisutemu: kōzō to hendō (Tōkyōdaigaku shuppankai, 1996), 253–278.79 Marshall Learning to be Modern, 70, See also appendices inMarshall, Academic Freedom; Amano, Gakureki no shakaishi, 223.80 Amano, Gakureki no shakaishi, 105–106.81 Kanbe, Nihon ni okeru chūgakkō, 898; Amano, Gakureki shakai, 101–102, Takeuchi, 265–268; abolition of kanbun; Nishō gakushahyakunenshi, 202– 207.82 Kokubo Akihiro, “Kindai ni okeru juku no kenkyū 1”, Musashinobijutsudaigaku kenkyū kiyō 23 (1992):10.83 See his reminiscences in “Tsuitōbun”, Shibun 20 (1938):21–59; 54.84 Yokoyama Ryōkichi, Hiroike Chikurō sensei shōden (Kashiwa:Hiroike gakuen shuppanbu, 1976), 7–10.85 Amano Ikuo, ed., Gakurekishugi no shakaishi: Tanba Sasayama nimirukindai kyōiku to seikatsu sekai (Yūshindō kōbunsha, 1991), 31–44.
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PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESELEARNIN
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iii90. Olof G.Lidin: Tanegashima—
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Nordic Institute of Asian StudiesMo
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viiA woman changing with the times:
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Illustrations and TablesMAPPlaces m
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Preface and AcknowledgementsTHIS ST
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Notes on UsageJAPANESE WORDS ARE TR
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xvDay labourer, national average, p
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IntroductionTHE WORD JUKU (A PRIVAT
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INTRODUCTION 3period juku for other
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INTRODUCTION 5the 1870s, were stron
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INTRODUCTION 7Chapter 1 positions t
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INTRODUCTION 95 Nihon kyōikushi sh
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EDUCATION IN TRANSITION FROM THE TO
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CHAPTER TWOKangaku Juku in the Meij
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CHAPTER THREECase StudiesBEFORE DIS
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CHAPTER FOURLife at the JukuWHAT WA
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 119If the entire p
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 121Hōkoku’s fam
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 123was transferred
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 125students of all
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 127The transformat
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 129Thus personal (
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 131expound back an
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 133The list includ
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 135Suisaien has al
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 137Possibly the de
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 139Kumamoto prefec
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 141there is a smal
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 143moment. From no
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 145them? /Work har
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 147the country. In
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 149chose this time
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 151from the juku a
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 153importance with
Page 172 and 173: department of Gyōsei gakkō. Thus
Page 174 and 175: LIFE AT THE JUKU 157yōgaku student
Page 176 and 177: LIFE AT THE JUKU 159Reminiscenses e
Page 178 and 179: LIFE AT THE JUKU 161of Kangien stud
Page 180 and 181: LIFE AT THE JUKU 163was variable, a
Page 182 and 183: LIFE AT THE JUKU 165Ikeda laments t
Page 184 and 185: LIFE AT THE JUKU 167Kumamoto Nichin
Page 186 and 187: LIFE AT THE JUKU 169Los Angeles: Un
Page 188 and 189: LIFE AT THE JUKU 17178 Yamamura, Ba
Page 190 and 191: LIFE AT THE JUKU 173kyōikuka (Roma
Page 192 and 193: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 175around t
Page 194 and 195: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 17795). Nis
Page 196 and 197: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 179Hiramoto
Page 198 and 199: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 181female.
Page 200 and 201: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 183onwards
Page 202 and 203: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 185debate o
Page 204 and 205: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 187Kōun (b
Page 206 and 207: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 189as an el
Page 208 and 209: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 191by his p
Page 210 and 211: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 193attended
Page 212 and 213: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 195reflecti
Page 214 and 215: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 197elsewher
Page 216 and 217: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 199and pass
Page 218 and 219: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 201potentia
Page 220 and 221: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 20321 Shijo
Page 224 and 225: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 20786 On to
Page 226 and 227: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 209which Nar
Page 228 and 229: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 211Figure 9:
Page 230 and 231: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 213the aim t
Page 232 and 233: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 215includes
Page 234 and 235: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 217part of f
Page 236 and 237: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 219from his
Page 238 and 239: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 221publisher
Page 240 and 241: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 223following
Page 242 and 243: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 225juku, alt
Page 244 and 245: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 227Confucian
Page 246 and 247: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 229The study
Page 248 and 249: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 231gratitude
Page 250 and 251: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 233schools;
Page 252 and 253: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 23527 The fo
Page 254 and 255: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 23762 Thomas
Page 256 and 257: CONCLUSION 239Figure 10: Scene from
Page 258 and 259: CONCLUSION 241IS THE JUKU UNIQUE?Th
Page 260 and 261: CONCLUSION 243and the Byzantine Emp
Page 262 and 263: CONCLUSION 245would be monitored by
Page 264 and 265: Select BibliographyFor books on ind
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IndexThe main entry for titles of C
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INDEX 257Han fei zi. See Kanpishi.h
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INDEX 259Kobun shinpō (Guwen zhenb
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INDEX 261Readers of the Eight Maste
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INDEX 263Tatemori Manpei (Kō, Chū
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