Private Academies of Chinese Learning in Meiji Japan: The Decline ...

36 PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESE LEARNING IN MEIJI JAPAN39 Kokumin kyōiku kenkyūjo/“Jiyū minken undo to kyōiku”kenkyūkai, ed., Jiyū minken undo to kyōiku)Sōbunka, 1984); KatagiriYoshio, Jiyūminkenkikyōikushi kenkyū. Kindai kōkyōiku to minshū(Tokyo daigaku shuppankai, 1990).40 Kagoshima-ken kyōiku iinkai, ed., Kagoshima-ken kyōikushi 2(Kagoshima: Kagoshima kenritsu kyōiku kenkūjo, 1961), 291–308;Masakazu Iwata, Ōkubo Toshimichi: The Bismarck of Japan (Berkeleyand Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1964), 245–246.41 Nagai Michio, Higher Education in Japan: Its Takeoff and Crash, trans.Jerry Dusenbury (University of Tokyo Press, 1971), 26.42 Marshall, Learning to be Modern, 87.43 Genealogy of the private law schools in Robert M.Spaulding, Jr.,Japan’sHigher Civil Service Examinations (Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press, 1967), 330.44 On these types of schools: Takeda Kanji, “Meiji zenki sōritsushiritsu gakkō no kengaku seishin”, in Harada and Takeda, KindaiNihon noshigaku, 23–155; 109–125.45 Takeda, “Meiji zenki”, 36–81.46 Dorothy Robins-Mowry, “Westernizing Influences in the EarlyModernization of Japanese Women’s Education”, in EdwardR.Beauchamp and Akira Iriye (eds.), Foreign Employees inNineteenth-Century Japan (Boulder: Westview Press, 1990), 121–136.47 Irwin Scheiner, Christian Converts and Social Protest in Meiji Japan(Berkeley and Los Angeles: Unviersity of California Press, 1970).48 Irwin Scheiner, Christian Converts and Social Protest in Meiji Japan.49 Takeda, “Meiji zenki”, 127–146.50 Takeda, “Meiji zenki”, 129–142.51 For a first-hand account of Buddhist education, see Nanjō Bun’yū,Kaikyūroku—Sansukuritto kotohajime (Heibonsha, 1979) (Tōyōbunko359).52 Takeda, “Meiji zenki”, 101, 104.53 A Ministry of Education official alleged that the answers on one ofthe examination papers were contrary to the national polity; IshidaTakeshi, Meiji seiji shisōshi kenkyū (Miraisha 1954), 219–291; theactions of the ministry were widely criticized; examples in Tōyōdaigaku 80 nenshi hensan iinkai, ed., Tōyō daigaku 80 nenshi (Tōyōdaigaku, 1967), 81–109; on the Tetsugakukan affair and teachertraining see Nishimura, “Senzen chūtō kyōin yōsei”.54 Ben-Ami Shillony: “The Meiji Restoration: Japan’s attempt toinherit China”, in Ian Neary, ed., War, Revolution and Japan(Folkestone, Kent: Japan Library, 1993), 20–32. The history ofkangaku since 1868 has received little attention. Japanese accountsconcentrate on the strength of traditions and stress the