Private Academies of Chinese Learning in Meiji Japan: The Decline ...

THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 221publisher on historical themes. There he met Inoue Yorikuni,who in 1895 invited him to work on the compilation of the Kojiruien (a classified encyclopedia of Japan’s cultural history inprimary sources), which was completed in 1909. In 1912, whileteaching at Jingū Kōgakukan University in Ise, Hiroike wasawarded a doctoral degree from Tokyo University for his workon ancient family law in China.That year his health, never good, reached a crisis, whichmarked a turning point in his life. He developed a strong interestin religion and moral education, and in what he called“moralogy” and began to publish and lecture on the subject. Inthe early 1930s he began making plans for a juku specialized inmoralogy, and in 1935 opened Senkō juku, with a maindepartment offering studies in moralogy and foreign languagesto middle school graduates and a three-month course for thegeneral public. All students lived in self-governing boardinghouses. His personal library became the school library, and heencouraged students to make good use of it to study individually.Hiroike also continued to be active as a lecturer and publicist.His work is carried on by his decendants.To give one more example, the founder of the present dayTōkai University, Matsumae Shigeyoshi (1901–91) fromKumamoto, was also inspired by juku. 34 After graduation fromTōhoku Imperial University he entered the Ministry ofCommunications in 1925. At this time he came under theinfluence of Uchimura Kanzō’s Christianity and educationalideas, including his interest in the Danish folk high school(folkehøjskole) movement. When in 1932 the ministry sentMatsumae to Germany to study, he also visited Denmark. In 1936he established Bōsei gakujuku in his own home. He built aboarding house with a lecture hall, a gymnasium, a library and achurch hall. Seven students lived there while studying atuniversity and about 100 people attended evening classes. Theemphasis was on relationships between students rather than onthe master-student relationship. This “juku” ended in 1942, but in1943 Matsumae opened Kōkū kagaku senmon gakkō, aspecialized college, as a boarding school; in 1946 it became thelast university to be licensed under the pre-war system and in1950 was named Tōkai University. Bōsei gakujuku is today asection of Tōkai University offering continuing education.Matsumae himself opened a new private school in Fukushimaprefecture, modelled on the Danish folk high school, 35 but had to