Private Academies of Chinese Learning in Meiji Japan: The Decline ...

170 PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESE LEARNING IN MEIJI JAPAN57 Report 1882, Kyōiku enkaku shiryōzai, 30; It is not clear how long thejuku existed. The report is said to refer to the Kaei years, when itallegedly closed, but a passage which has been crossed out statesthat the juku continued until 1873.58 Bungo shijuku terakoya (ed. and publ. Chihō kyōikushi kenkyūkai,Ōita, 1971), 71.59 Rokusuisha in Ōita gun; Bungo shijuku terakoya, 63–4; MiwadaMasako’s juku in Matsuyama (Chapter 3).60 Information on Yūrinsha in: Aichi-ken kyōikushi, (ed. and publ.Aichi-ken kyōiku iinkai, Nagoya 1973), 1:529–546; IshiguroMan’itsurō, Yūrinsha tosono gakuto (Nagoya: Ichinomiya kōtōjogakkō kōyūkai, 1925; in Ichinomiya shiritsu Toyoshima toshokan).61 Washizu Kōun, Yūrinsha shiryō shū; copy in Owari Ichinomiyalibrary, A 094–1–15.62 Former student (Asai), quoted in Sakaguchi, Shōden HayashiKakuryō, 3: 173.63 However, Kokubun and Yamada Jun, who were at Nishō gakushaat around the same time, speak of the system as a reality;Hyakunenshi, 256; 237; 263–264.64 Nihon oyobi Nihonjin, 359 (1938), 191–193.65 Yamamura, Bakumatsu jusha no shōgai, 47–48.66 Kanbe, Nihon ni okeru chūgakkō, 877–882, and Kanbe, “Tōkyō niokeru kangaku juku no jittai”.67 Kanbe, Nihon ni okeru chūgakkō, 877; the reference to politicaldiscussions was possibly a characteristic of the Meiji period; seeChapter 5.68 The rules are cited in Chōzenkan yowa (ed. and publ. Chōzenkanshiseki hozonkai, Niigata-ken, Nishi Gamawara-gun Yoshida-chō,Aozu, 1987), 168–169.69 Chōzenkan yowa, 170.70 Oda, Higo no shijuku, 18–19.71 Oda, Higo no shijuku, 18–19.72 Yamamura, Bakumatsu jusha no shōgai, 37; Shimane jurinden, 295–297.73 Yamamura, Bakumatsu jusha no shōgai, 37–38.74 Yōseijuku jukuki, papers of the Amanomori family, city library,Hirata, Shimane prefecture; I thank Professor Kajitani Mitsuhirofrom the Matsue Education Office for giving me a copy of theserules.75 Yamamura, Bakumatsu jusha no shōgai, 44.76 Yamamura, Bakumatsu jusha no shōgai, 48–49.77 By 1877 Japan had long adopted the Western calendar, but itseems likely that Benzai counted the months in the old style.Yamamura, Bakumatsujusha no shōgai, 45–46; 50.