Private Academies of Chinese Learning in Meiji Japan: The Decline ...

246 PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESE LEARNING IN MEIJI JAPANinfluence was not the decisive reason. On this transformation seealso Margaret Mehl, “Chinese Learning (kangaku) in Meiji Japan(1868–1912)”, History (85) 2000:48–66.2 Thomas H.C.Lee, Education in Traditional China. A History (Leiden:Brill, 2000), 13. Incidentally, this monumental work does notinclude the word shū either in the index or the glossary. See alsoLinda Walton, Academiesand Society in Southern Sung China(Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1999); Walton points outthat there exist parallels between the Song academies, medievalEuropean universities and Islamic madrasa. On one of the mostfamous academies, the White Deer Grotto Academy of Zhu Zi, seealso William Theodore the Bary, “Chu Hsi’s Aims as anEducator”, in Neo-confucian Education: the formative Stage, ed.William Theodore de Bary and John W.Chaffee (Berkeley and LosAngeles: University of California Press, 1989), 186–218.3 Lee, Education in Traditional China, 13.4 Amano Ikuo, Education and Examination in Modern Japan, tr.William K. Cummings and Fumiko Cummings (University ofTokyo Press, 1999), 32.5 See Henri Irénée Marrou, Geschichte der Erziehung im klassischenAltertum (Munich: dtv, 1977; first published Paris, 1948); JamesBowen, A Historyof Western Education, vol. 1 (London: Methuen,1972); William Boyd and Edmund J.King, The History of WesternEducation (11th ed., London: Adam and Charles Black, 1975).6 Boyd, The History of Western Education, 49; 488. On the masterdisciplerelationship see especially Marrou, Geschichte derErziehung, 72–88.7 Boyd, The History of Western Education, 297.8 This of course raises interesting questions, when, as is sometimesthe case today, the supervisor is in fact a woman; Doktormutter issometimes used, but it hardly has the same ring.9 Marrou, Geschichte der Erziehung, 139.10 Amano, Education and Examination, 32–34.11 Boyd, The History of Western Education, 42.12 See Boyd, The History of Western Education, 469–470; 487–488.13 Boyd, The History of Western Education, 375–377.14 Charles Handy, The Age of Unreason (London: Arrow Books 1990),169–172.