Private Academies of Chinese Learning in Meiji Japan: The Decline ...

204 PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESE LEARNING IN MEIJI JAPANshikō.” Tōyō bunka 146–155 (1936–38). The author is probablyMakino Kenjirō, since the content of the series is almost exactly thesame as Makino Kenjirō, NihonKangakushi (Tokyō: Sekaidō shoten,1938). The episode is also mentioned in Higashi-ku shi (vol.5, ed.and publ. Ōsaka-shi Higashi-ku Hōenzaka-chō gaihyakugojūnanaka chō kukai, Osaka: Ōsaka-shi higashi-ku yakusho,1939), 296. Makino Kenjirō (1862–1937) attended Fujisawa’s juku(for biographical information on him, see collection of obituaries inTōyōbunka 153, 1937), so he might have witnessed or heard aboutthe episode from someone who had, if it took place.40 Byron K.Marshall, Learning to be Modern (Boulder, Westview Press,1994), 55.41 Hisaki Yukio, “Meiji jukyō to kyōiku”, Yokohama kokuritsu daigakukyōikukiyō 28 (1988):252–270; 267.42 This was suggested to me by a Japanese friend, who had heard itfrom her grandparents. See also Amano Ikuo, Education andExamination in ModernJapan (tr. William Cummings and FumikoCummings, Tokyo University Press, 1990), 180.43 See Margaret Mehl, “Women educators and the Confuciantradition in Meiji Japan (1868–1912): Miwada Masako and AtomiKakei”, Women’sHistory Review 10.4 (2001):579–602.44 Obara Kuniyoshi, ed., Nihon shin kyōiku hyakunenshi, vol.4(Tamagawa daigaku shuppanbu, 1869), 11–17.45 Teranuma Yoshibumi, Kurita Hiroshi no kenkyū—sono shōgai torekishigaku (Kinseisha 1974), 63–69; more sources on his juku in:Teranuma Yoshi-bumi, Mito no gakufū: toku ni Kurita Hiroshi ochūshin ni shite (Mito: Mito shigakukai, 1998).46 Ibaraki kōtō gakkō gojūnenshi hensan iinkai, ed., Ibaraki kōtōgakkōgojūnenshi (Mito: Ibaraki kōtō gakkō, 1977); see also Mitogakuin no yurai:Kōdōkan yori Mito gakuin made. (Chūgakkō settchihaishi ninka Ibaraki-ken 1 (Taishō 3 to Shōwa 21), NationalArchives (Kokuritsu kōbunsho kan), Monbushō 47/3A/10–11/1728.47 Mito ikkō hyakunenshi hensan iinkai, ed., Mito ikkō hyakunenshi(Ibaraki: Ibaraki kenritsu Mito daiichi kōtōgakkō, 1983), 93.48 Yoshioka Sakae, “Kangaku shijuku Jinan gakusha kō. Gōsonshijuku no ichirei”, in Bakumatsu ishin kangaku juku kenkyūkai,ed., Bakumatsuishinki ni okeru kangaku juku no sōgōteki kenkyū, 2 vols.(Saga: Bakumatsu ishin kangaku juku kenkyūkai, 1998–99), 2:15–43; 21–23. See also Abe Takayoshi, “Bakumatsu ishinki Mimasakano kangaku juku—Kyūken gakusha to Chihonkan”, ibid., 55–70.49 Chōya shinbun (2 May 1979), quoted in Meiji nyūsu jiten hensaniinkai, ed., Meiji nyūsu jiten, vol. 2 (Mainichi komyunikeeshonzu,1983), 44.