Private Academies of Chinese Learning in Meiji Japan: The Decline ...

154 PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESE LEARNING IN MEIJI JAPANThe Nanba papers also contain an undated letter from Kuichirōto his friends and fellow students, Kurisaka and Akagi (bothnames appear in the diary). Kuichirō writes that the juku hasstarted again after the break for the bon festival and informs themabout the contents of lessons: lectures on the Spring and AutumnAnnals every day, on the Outlines of the Eighteen Histories andMencius every other day and group readings on the Spring andAutumn Annals and Mencius. Other works mentioned are Sun Ziand the Analects.Hakuen shoin in Osaka, although an urban juku, appears alsoto have catered mainly for students from the vicinity. By 1904, 5,000 are said to have studied at Hakuen shoin, 4,500 of whichcame from Sanuki, where the Fujisawa family originally camefrom, the others from all over Japan. 101 Unfortunately, there seemto be no entrance registers for the Meiji period, but the entranceregisters for the years 1843 to 1859 list 288 students, mostlyboarders and only a fraction of the students at Hakuen shoin.They came from many regions, but those close to Osakadominated; 47 students came from Sanuki, including Takamatsudomain, where the Fujisawas originated from, 21 from Osaka and20 from Kii (including 6 from Mount Kōya). About 10 to 20entered the juku each year. 102 In his application submitted to theauthorities by Nangaku in 1872, 15 boarders are mentioned byname and the number of 46 day pupils is given. 103 The daypupils would mostly have been local, although some studentsfrom further away may have lodged with relatives.Juku in Tokyo, on the other hand, were often attended bystudents from all over Japan, and most of their students wereboarders. Whereas the local juku in a remote area might be the onlyeducational institution a student ever attended, students inTokyo would study at a variety of juku and schoolssimultaneously or in (sometimes rapid) succession. In 1905 Nishōgakusha’s school magazine published a list of students studyingat another school while staying at the juku. Nine students werestudying at Seisoku Eigo gakkō, five each at Meiji daigaku andKokugakuin, four at Kokugo denshūsho, three at Gaikokugogakkō (Foreign Language School), two each at Hibiya chūgakkō(middle school) and Nihon chūgakkō and one each at Hōseidaigaku, Waseda daigaku, Junten chūgakkō, Hokakuin daigaku,Senshū gakkō, Kokumin eigakukai, Tetsugakukan, Keihokuchūgakkō, Seisoku chūgakkō, Kōtō shōgyō gakkō, Kogyōkushachūgakkō, Azabu kōtō shōgakkō, Kaijō gakkō and the French