Private Academies of Chinese Learning in Meiji Japan: The Decline ...

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LIFE AT THE JUKU 17178 Yamamura, Bakumatsu jusha no shōgai, 47.79 Yamamura, 50.80 Yamamura, 51.81 Yamamura, 52–56.82 Yōseijuku juku ki.83 On juku architecture see Kinki daigaku rikō gakubu kensetsugakka kenchikushi kenkyūshitsu (Sakurai Toshio, MatsuokaToshirō), ed. Kyōikushisetsu no kenchikuteki kenkyū. Shijuku Kansanrōno chōsa kenkyū o chūshin toshite (Osaka: Hachioshi bunkazai chōsakenkyūkai, 1983). See also Susan Hanley, Everyday Things inPremodern Japan: The Hidden Legacy of MaterialCulture (Berkeley andLos Angeles: University of California Press, 1997), 25–50.84 Kyōiku shisetsu no kenchikuteki kenkyū, 82.85 Chōzenkan yowa, 154–157; Chōzenkan gakujuku shiryō (2 vols., ed.and publ. Niigata-ken kyōiku iinkai, Niigata 1974).86 The Autobiography of Yukichi Fukuzawa, 60–92.87 Tokutomi Kenjirō, Footprints in the Snow. A novel of Meiji Japan,transl. by Kenneth Strong (London: George Allen and Unwin,1970), 84.88 Shōheita was the son of Yamamoto Shōzō (1845–1904), a wealthyfarmer, local administrator and activist in the farmers’ movement.The letters are dated 4, 15 and 22 May and were written in the sameyear, though which year is not clear; 1875 or 1876 seems likely,when Shōheita would have been 12 or 13 years old (informationfrom Nagaya Mikie, San’yō gakuen University; apparently thereexists a group photo from that time, which suggests these years).They are preserved in the Yamamoto family and printed inKurashiki-shi shi kenkyūkai, ed., Shinshū Kurashiki-shi shi(Kurashiki: San’yō shinbunsha, 1997), 11:1121–1123. “Shōbu” (Iris)is the fifth day of the fifth month by the old calender, that is, Juneby the new.89 Tani Kanjō ikō (Seikensha, 1912), 1:359.90 Shinshū Kurashiki-shi shi, 1121–1122.91 Kawada, former student or Ronseidō, in Kumamoto-kenkyōikukai, Kumamoto-ken kyōikushi (3 vols, Kyoto: Rinsen shoten,1975), 726–728.92 Katayama Sen jiden (Shinrisha, 1949), 89–90.93 Tani Kanjō ikō, 1:341–371.94 Quoted in Karasawa, Gakusei no rekishi, 11–12.95 In Footprints in the Snow she mended the narrator’s clothes andgave him plums from the master’s trees (p.89). In Aoyama’s juku inMito, she helped a small pupil climb onto the high veranda:Women of the MitoDomain, 13.96 Quoted in Kumamoto-ken kyōikushi, 727.
172 PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESE LEARNING IN MEIJI JAPAN97 “Nishō gakusha no hanashi”, Nihon oyobi Nihonjin 359 (1938), 191–193.98 Yamada Hōkoku zenshū (3 vols., ed. and publ. Yamada Hōkokuzenshū kankōkai, Okayama-ken Takahashi, 1951):3:2335–2372;table in Asamori 1995:239.99 Inukai Kōhei, 77–82.100 Microfilms of the papers of the Nanba family in the city archivesof Kurashiki. I am grateful for receiving permission to use thematerials and copy the diary.101 Tsuboi, “Fujisawa no Kenshiki”, 4–5.102 Umetani Noboru, Osakafu no kyōikushi (Shibunkaku, 1998), 216–217; Asai Nobuaki, “Hakuen shosei seimeiroku ni tsuite”, Shisen(Kansai University), 38 (Feb 1969):31–46. Despite Asai’s claim thatthere are several entrance registers for the period after 1873, I havenot been able to locate any.103 Hakuen 6 (1928.8.30).104 Nishō gakūyukai zasshi 16 (1928): 41–42. Schools like Waseda wereallowed to call themselves “daigaku”, but did not receive fulluniversity status until 1918.105 Biographical details in Kadokawa Nihon seishi rekishi jinbutsu jiten4:Miyagi-ken seishi kakei daijiten (publ. Miyagi-ken seishi kakeidaijiten hensan iinkai, Kadokawa, 1994), 378; Tatemori about hisjuku experience: “Jukufū no hanashi” Nihon oyobi Nihonjin 359(1938):182–185; “Shigeno Seisai sensei no itsuji”, Zōtei Shigenohakushi shigaku ronbunshū, 4:120– 135. Taka Otozō, “Seitatsu shoinno tenmatsu”, ibid., 135–145.106 Uno Kazusuke, Kamon Oka Senjin no shōgai. (Sendai: Oka Hiroshi,1975). Katayama Sen jiden, 88.107 Kaigaku meisaisho 2:72.108 Application in Tōkyō kyōiku shiryō taikei 1:394–395; see alsoTōkyōfukaigaku meisaisho 2:36–37.109 “Seitatsu shoin no tenmatsu”, 135–145.110 Quotes from Kanbe, Nihon ni okeru chūgakkō, 883; for anotherdescription of kangaku students’ clothes, see Machida, MeijiKokumin kyōiku shi, 145.111 Sakura Sonzō, quoted in Nishō gakusha hyakunenshi, 227; TomitaKensuke, 285.112 Fujisawa Seita, “Sofu Nangaku no omoide”, Hakuen 2 (1963):1–6 (p.3).113 Okayama-ken dai hyakka jiten (2 vols., ed. and publ. San’yōshinbunsha, 1980), 2:663.114 Reminiscences in Nishō gakusha hyakunenshi, 281–283; 380–383.Kaetsu established a private school for females in 1903; see KaetsuYasuto, KaetsuTakako den: Meiji, Taishō, Shōwa sandai o ikita joryū
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PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESELEARNIN
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iii90. Olof G.Lidin: Tanegashima—
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Nordic Institute of Asian StudiesMo
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viiA woman changing with the times:
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Illustrations and TablesMAPPlaces m
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Preface and AcknowledgementsTHIS ST
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Notes on UsageJAPANESE WORDS ARE TR
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xvDay labourer, national average, p
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IntroductionTHE WORD JUKU (A PRIVAT
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INTRODUCTION 3period juku for other
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INTRODUCTION 5the 1870s, were stron
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INTRODUCTION 7Chapter 1 positions t
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INTRODUCTION 95 Nihon kyōikushi sh
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EDUCATION IN TRANSITION FROM THE TO
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CHAPTER TWOKangaku Juku in the Meij
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PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESE LEARNI
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CHAPTER THREECase StudiesBEFORE DIS
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CHAPTER FOURLife at the JukuWHAT WA
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LIFE AT THE JUKU 119If the entire p
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Page 140 and 141: LIFE AT THE JUKU 123was transferred
Page 142 and 143: LIFE AT THE JUKU 125students of all
Page 144 and 145: LIFE AT THE JUKU 127The transformat
Page 146 and 147: LIFE AT THE JUKU 129Thus personal (
Page 148 and 149: LIFE AT THE JUKU 131expound back an
Page 150 and 151: LIFE AT THE JUKU 133The list includ
Page 152 and 153: LIFE AT THE JUKU 135Suisaien has al
Page 154 and 155: LIFE AT THE JUKU 137Possibly the de
Page 156 and 157: LIFE AT THE JUKU 139Kumamoto prefec
Page 158 and 159: LIFE AT THE JUKU 141there is a smal
Page 160 and 161: LIFE AT THE JUKU 143moment. From no
Page 162 and 163: LIFE AT THE JUKU 145them? /Work har
Page 164 and 165: LIFE AT THE JUKU 147the country. In
Page 166 and 167: LIFE AT THE JUKU 149chose this time
Page 168 and 169: LIFE AT THE JUKU 151from the juku a
Page 170 and 171: LIFE AT THE JUKU 153importance with
Page 172 and 173: department of Gyōsei gakkō. Thus
Page 174 and 175: LIFE AT THE JUKU 157yōgaku student
Page 176 and 177: LIFE AT THE JUKU 159Reminiscenses e
Page 178 and 179: LIFE AT THE JUKU 161of Kangien stud
Page 180 and 181: LIFE AT THE JUKU 163was variable, a
Page 182 and 183: LIFE AT THE JUKU 165Ikeda laments t
Page 184 and 185: LIFE AT THE JUKU 167Kumamoto Nichin
Page 186 and 187: LIFE AT THE JUKU 169Los Angeles: Un
Page 190 and 191: LIFE AT THE JUKU 173kyōikuka (Roma
Page 192 and 193: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 175around t
Page 194 and 195: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 17795). Nis
Page 196 and 197: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 179Hiramoto
Page 198 and 199: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 181female.
Page 200 and 201: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 183onwards
Page 202 and 203: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 185debate o
Page 204 and 205: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 187Kōun (b
Page 206 and 207: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 189as an el
Page 208 and 209: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 191by his p
Page 210 and 211: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 193attended
Page 212 and 213: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 195reflecti
Page 214 and 215: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 197elsewher
Page 216 and 217: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 199and pass
Page 218 and 219: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 201potentia
Page 220 and 221: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 20321 Shijo
Page 222 and 223: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 20550 See a
Page 224 and 225: THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 20786 On to
Page 226 and 227: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 209which Nar
Page 228 and 229: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 211Figure 9:
Page 230 and 231: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 213the aim t
Page 232 and 233: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 215includes
Page 234 and 235: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 217part of f
Page 236 and 237: THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 219from his
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 221publisher
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 223following
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 225juku, alt
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 227Confucian
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 229The study
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 231gratitude
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 233schools;
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 23527 The fo
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THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 23762 Thomas
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CONCLUSION 239Figure 10: Scene from
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CONCLUSION 241IS THE JUKU UNIQUE?Th
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CONCLUSION 243and the Byzantine Emp
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CONCLUSION 245would be monitored by
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Select BibliographyFor books on ind
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IndexThe main entry for titles of C
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INDEX 257Han fei zi. See Kanpishi.h
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INDEX 259Kobun shinpō (Guwen zhenb
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INDEX 261Readers of the Eight Maste
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INDEX 263Tatemori Manpei (Kō, Chū
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