Private Academies of Chinese Learning in Meiji Japan: The Decline ...

166 PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESE LEARNING IN MEIJI JAPANfor a time degenerated to a cheap boarding house, with a fewlectures thrown in, it became a school which still exists today.But how many schools like his, based on kangaku, could beexpected to survive once Western learning had become the key tosocial advancement? Anyway, most kangaku masters may wellhave been content to teach a small number of students informallyfor as long as they could, accepting that the times had changedand that their juku would end when they died. After all, any jukuthat survived for generations appears to have always been theexception rather than the rule. Like Ikeda Sōan, many kangakumasters refused to regard their juku as a business, which, in anage where private education had become just that, meant that theestablishment was doomed.NOTES1 Okayama-ken kyōikushi (ed. and publ. Okayama kyōikukai,Okayama, 1937), 315–329; the figures are based on NKSS.2 Information from tables in Aomori-ken kyōikushi henshū iinkai,ed., Aomori-ken kyōikushi (Aomori: Aomori-ken kyōiku iinkai,1972), 219–221; Akita-ken kyōiku iinkai, ed., Akita-ken kyōikushi 1(Akita: Akita-ken kyōikushi bunpukai) ,816; Aichi-ken kyōikuiinkai, ed., Aichi-ken Kyōikushi 1 (Nagoya: Aichi-ken kyōiku iinkai,1973), 497–498; Shimane-ken kindai kyōikushi hensan jimukyoku,ed., Shimane-ken kindai kyōikushi 1 (Matsue: Shimane-ken kyōikuiinkai, 1978), 700–705; NKSS 9, 149–153 (Hiroshima); Ōita-kenkyōiku hyakunenshi henshū jimu kyoku, ed., Ōita-kenkyōikuhyakunenshi 3 (Ōita: Ōita-ken kyōiku iinkai, 1976), 35–42. Thetables are based on those in NKSS, but those for Akita and Ōitaprefectures have been expanded considerably.3 Nagasaki-ken kyōikushi (ed. and publ. Nagasaki-ken kyōiku iinkai,Nagasaki, 1942; reprint 1975), 9–12.4 Nagano-ken kyōikushi 1 (ed. and publ. Nagano-ken kyōikushikankōkai, Nagano, 1978), 971; however it should be noted thatterakoya in general were more likely to be run by commoners.5 Suzuki Masayuki, Fukawa Kyoshi, Fujii Jōji, Hyōgo-ken nokyōikushi (Shibunkaku, 1994), 303–308.6 Taniguchi Kairan, Shimane jurinden (Tokyo: Taniguchi Kairansensei kanreki kinen kankōkai, 1940), 293–323; Yamamura Yoshio,Bakumatsu jusha noshōgai: Hirose hanju Yamamura Benzai oboegaki(Iizuka shobō, 1978).7 Kumamoto nichinichi shinbunsha and Kumamoto-ken daihyakkajiten hensan iinkai, ed., Kumamoto-ken daihyakka jiten (Kumamoto: