Private Academies of Chinese Learning in Meiji Japan: The Decline ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESE LEARNING IN MEIJI JAPAN 45Most of the evidence for patterns of juku attendance is highlyindividual, glimpsed from biographies or the entrance registers ofjuku. There is, however, a study by the educational historianKaigo Tokiomi, made while he was working for the Ministry ofEducation in 1929–30. 18 He examined the careers of 1,020 peoplewho completed questionnaires. They were born between 1868and 1876 and were living in Sugamo in Tokyo, Hachiōji city andtwo districts in Ibaraki prefecture. Those in Sugamo had comefrom all over the country. Most of them had been to elementaryschool, but over 16 per cent had been to a terakoya or juku andalmost 12 per cent had continued to a juku after elementaryschool where they usually received a Confucian education.Similarly, in Hachiōji, where most of the inhabitants questionedhad been educated in Tokyo prefecture, over half had been to anelementary school, but almost 20 per cent to a terakoya or juku.Less than 3 per cent went to a juku after receiving elementaryeducation, but that was still more than those who went to aformal middle school. In the rural districts of Ibaraki, most ofthose questioned had lived in the same place all their lives andmost had received no formal education (68 per cent); about 12per cent had been to a terakoya or juku, and 4 per cent went on toa juku after elementary education. From these numbers Kaigoestimated that around 20 per cent of the population born at thebeginning of Meiji received education in terakoya or juku, theirproportion decreasing over the years. This figure, however,would appear to apply to people from the lower strata of society,for whom the juku was the only school they attended, apart fromtheir elementary school or terakoya; if we include other forms ofjuku attendance, like the ones suggested earlier, the proportionmay well be significantly higher.JUKU IN TOKYOMost research on juku in the Meiji period has concentrated onTokyo in the early 1870s. The sources are easily accessible in themetro politan archives, where the reports and applications of1871–73 are kept. 19 A number of prominent scholars taught inTokyo, about whom there is also a comparatively large amountof information. Moreover, Tokyo was the main centre ofeducation; the greatest munber and variety of schools wereconcentrated there and many young men flocked to Tokyo incontinuation of the kokunai yūgaku (travelling for study with in
46 KANGAKU JUKU IN THE MEIJI PERIODJapan) of the Edo period. In addition, the population in Tokyorose from 800,000 in the mid-1870s to 1,000,000 in the 1880s, mainlyas a result of migration into Tokyo, and this also increased thedemand for schooling.How many juku were there in Tokyo? NKSS lists 123, but therewere probably more. Nakura Eisaburō, analysing theapplications up to 1873 in the metropolitan archives, counted 1,141 juku of various types (including terakoya) for 1873 andanalysed 1,015 of them (excluding branch schools). Of these, 758offered elementary education, the others specialist studies,mainly kangaku, Japanese or Western studies or a combination ofthese. 20 The kangaku juku formed the second largest group ofthese specialist juku; 60, compared to 83 for different branches ofWestern Learning (yōgaku). The following table shows whenthese kangaku juku were established: many were established afterthe Restoration; until 1870 their number increased more thanacademies for Western learning; from 1871 onwards academiesfor Western learning show the biggest increase. 21Table 2: Kangaku juku in Tokyo according to the year they were opened*Note: 57 in the Tokyo wards, 3 in the districts.Source. See notes 20–22.Analysis of the chart in NKSS and the submissions made to theMinistry of Education in preparation for it resulted in slightlydifferent figures; of 122 juku, 96 included kangaku as a subject andin 55 cases it was the only subject. Kangaku could be a subject inits own right or part of a preparatory course to be followed bystudies in other subjects such as Chinese or Western medicine. In
Page 2 and 3:
PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESELEARNIN
Page 4 and 5:
iii90. Olof G.Lidin: Tanegashima—
Page 6 and 7:
Nordic Institute of Asian StudiesMo
Page 8 and 9:
viiA woman changing with the times:
Page 10 and 11:
Illustrations and TablesMAPPlaces m
Page 12 and 13: Preface and AcknowledgementsTHIS ST
Page 14 and 15: Notes on UsageJAPANESE WORDS ARE TR
Page 16 and 17: xvDay labourer, national average, p
Page 18 and 19: IntroductionTHE WORD JUKU (A PRIVAT
Page 20 and 21: INTRODUCTION 3period juku for other
Page 22 and 23: INTRODUCTION 5the 1870s, were stron
Page 24 and 25: INTRODUCTION 7Chapter 1 positions t
Page 26 and 27: INTRODUCTION 95 Nihon kyōikushi sh
Page 28 and 29: EDUCATION IN TRANSITION FROM THE TO
Page 56 and 57: CHAPTER TWOKangaku Juku in the Meij
Page 58 and 59: PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESE LEARNI
Page 78 and 79: CHAPTER THREECase StudiesBEFORE DIS
Page 106: PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESE LEARNI
Page 112 and 113:
PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF CHINESE LEARNI
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
CHAPTER FOURLife at the JukuWHAT WA
Page 136 and 137:
LIFE AT THE JUKU 119If the entire p
Page 138 and 139:
LIFE AT THE JUKU 121Hōkoku’s fam
Page 140 and 141:
LIFE AT THE JUKU 123was transferred
Page 142 and 143:
LIFE AT THE JUKU 125students of all
Page 144 and 145:
LIFE AT THE JUKU 127The transformat
Page 146 and 147:
LIFE AT THE JUKU 129Thus personal (
Page 148 and 149:
LIFE AT THE JUKU 131expound back an
Page 150 and 151:
LIFE AT THE JUKU 133The list includ
Page 152 and 153:
LIFE AT THE JUKU 135Suisaien has al
Page 154 and 155:
LIFE AT THE JUKU 137Possibly the de
Page 156 and 157:
LIFE AT THE JUKU 139Kumamoto prefec
Page 158 and 159:
LIFE AT THE JUKU 141there is a smal
Page 160 and 161:
LIFE AT THE JUKU 143moment. From no
Page 162 and 163:
LIFE AT THE JUKU 145them? /Work har
Page 164 and 165:
LIFE AT THE JUKU 147the country. In
Page 166 and 167:
LIFE AT THE JUKU 149chose this time
Page 168 and 169:
LIFE AT THE JUKU 151from the juku a
Page 170 and 171:
LIFE AT THE JUKU 153importance with
Page 172 and 173:
department of Gyōsei gakkō. Thus
Page 174 and 175:
LIFE AT THE JUKU 157yōgaku student
Page 176 and 177:
LIFE AT THE JUKU 159Reminiscenses e
Page 178 and 179:
LIFE AT THE JUKU 161of Kangien stud
Page 180 and 181:
LIFE AT THE JUKU 163was variable, a
Page 182 and 183:
LIFE AT THE JUKU 165Ikeda laments t
Page 184 and 185:
LIFE AT THE JUKU 167Kumamoto Nichin
Page 186 and 187:
LIFE AT THE JUKU 169Los Angeles: Un
Page 188 and 189:
LIFE AT THE JUKU 17178 Yamamura, Ba
Page 190 and 191:
LIFE AT THE JUKU 173kyōikuka (Roma
Page 192 and 193:
THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 175around t
Page 194 and 195:
THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 17795). Nis
Page 196 and 197:
THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 179Hiramoto
Page 198 and 199:
THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 181female.
Page 200 and 201:
THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 183onwards
Page 202 and 203:
THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 185debate o
Page 204 and 205:
THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 187Kōun (b
Page 206 and 207:
THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 189as an el
Page 208 and 209:
THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 191by his p
Page 210 and 211:
THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 193attended
Page 212 and 213:
THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 195reflecti
Page 214 and 215:
THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 197elsewher
Page 216 and 217:
THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 199and pass
Page 218 and 219:
THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 201potentia
Page 220 and 221:
THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 20321 Shijo
Page 222 and 223:
THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 20550 See a
Page 224 and 225:
THE DECLINE OF THE JUKU 20786 On to
Page 226 and 227:
THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 209which Nar
Page 228 and 229:
THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 211Figure 9:
Page 230 and 231:
THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 213the aim t
Page 232 and 233:
THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 215includes
Page 234 and 235:
THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 217part of f
Page 236 and 237:
THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 219from his
Page 238 and 239:
THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 221publisher
Page 240 and 241:
THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 223following
Page 242 and 243:
THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 225juku, alt
Page 244 and 245:
THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 227Confucian
Page 246 and 247:
THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 229The study
Page 248 and 249:
THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 231gratitude
Page 250 and 251:
THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 233schools;
Page 252 and 253:
THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 23527 The fo
Page 254 and 255:
THE LEGACY OF THE JUKU 23762 Thomas
Page 256 and 257:
CONCLUSION 239Figure 10: Scene from
Page 258 and 259:
CONCLUSION 241IS THE JUKU UNIQUE?Th
Page 260 and 261:
CONCLUSION 243and the Byzantine Emp
Page 262 and 263:
CONCLUSION 245would be monitored by
Page 264 and 265:
Select BibliographyFor books on ind
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
IndexThe main entry for titles of C
Page 274 and 275:
INDEX 257Han fei zi. See Kanpishi.h
Page 276 and 277:
INDEX 259Kobun shinpō (Guwen zhenb
Page 278 and 279:
INDEX 261Readers of the Eight Maste
Page 280 and 281:
INDEX 263Tatemori Manpei (Kō, Chū
show all

Private Academies of Chinese Learning in Meiji Japan: The Decline ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?