Private Academies of Chinese Learning in Meiji Japan: The Decline ...

Notes on UsageJAPANESE WORDS ARE TRANSCRIBED according to theHepburn system. Japanese names, including those in the notesand the select bibliography, follow Japanese usage, with thefamily name first. I have often referred to scholars by theirliterary name (as is customary in Japan), especially when use ofthe surname could lead to confusion with other members of thesame family. All translations are mine, unless stated otherwise.Works cited are published in Tokyo unless stated otherwise.Transcriptions of Chinese names and titles of works follow thePinyin system, except when the author is known to favour analternative transcription. Where a fairly standard Englishtranslation for the title of a work exists, I have used this.Most Japanese terms have been translated, except for juku,commonly translated as “private academy” (when it refers to thetraditional institution), and kangaku, “Chinese Learning”. Kangakuis not always used precisely, but it usually (including here) refersto the study of Chinese texts until around the mid-Meiji period,when modern academic disciplines for studying China emerged(see Chapter 1).