Characteristics and social representation of ecstasy in Europe - Irefrea

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6.2.3. The SSS by consumption frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836.2.4. SSS in the global sample by sex variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866.3. Resume of results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8607. SOCIAL DEVIATION SCALE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897.1. Literature analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897.2. Social deviation scale results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9108. SOCIAL REPRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958.1. The theorization of social representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958.2. The importance of social representations in designer drugs . . . . . . . 978.3. Study of the social representations of ecstasy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1048.3.1. Two associative chains in the social representation of ecstasy . . . . 1078.3.2. Social representation in the global sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1108.3.3. Social representation in Coimbra (Portugal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1138.3.4. Social representation in Modena (Italy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1178.3.5. Social representation in Nice (France) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1208.3.6. Social representation in Palma de Mallorca (Spain) . . . . . . . . . . . 1228.3.7. Social representation in Utrecht (The Netherlands) . . . . . . . . . . . 1258.4. Literature review of every participant country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1298.4.1. Results of the documentary research in France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1298.4.2. Results of the documentary research in Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1398.4.3. Results of the documentary research in The Netherlands . . . . . . . 1568.4.4. Results of the documentary research in Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1718.4.5. Results of the documentary research in Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17309. SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18310. EXPERIENCES WITH ECSTASY PREVENTION10. CAMPAIGNS IN EUROPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18911. PREVENTION PROPOSALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21512. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221ANNEX 1. Preparing the social representation questionnaire on designANNEX 1. drugs (mainly ecstasy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231ANNEX 2. Guidelines for gathering the material on media news,ANNEX 2. underground literature, pamphlets, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233ANNEX 3. Questionnaire of social representations of ecstasy . . . . . . . . . . 237ANNEX 4. Protocol to recruit the disco and university sample . . . . . . . . . 24912
1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DESIGNER DRUGS, SYNTHETIC DRUGS AND ECSTASYDEFINITIONSDesigner drugs or synthetic drugs are imprecise terms which cover a diverse andchanging group of substances whose use began to spread through Europe, during theeighties in particular and taken up to now, mainly, as a recreational drug. Although thereare certain differences between both designations for some people, in practice their useis rather indistinct. The term ‘designer drug’ originally described a chemical compoundsimilar in structure and effect to another drug of abuse but differing slightly in structure,produced in clandestine laboratories to mimic the effects of controlled drugs. The nameis attributed to a pharmacist in the University of California who coined it to refer todrugs introduced on the market to flout the law. The denomination arose from thenecessity of ’designing’ or ‘synthesising’ new drugs by introducing small chemicalmodifications of known drugs in order to avoid legal control -at least for a time- by notbeing registered and, therefore, banned. The North American Drug EnforcementAdministration (DEA) refers to such products as ‘Controlled Substances Analogs’, amore neutral term which it uses to avoid unnecessary publicity for these drugs.The meaning of ‘designer drugs’ or ‘synthetic drugs’ has continued to evolve and,nowadays, no longer corresponds to the need to find a legal subterfuge. They are termswhich are becoming wider and wider which, on occasions, even include knownpharmaceuticals which have crossed over to the illegal market. At other times, they areold drugs which reappear on the market and it is less common for such terms to describedrugs which have undergone some chemical change. Far from being a matter ofchemicals, we are facing a sociological reality, a new way of using drugs, generally inthe form of tablets or capsules. Within this new reality is the idea of a use that differsfrom that of the traditional drugs, above all as far as heroin is concerned, where noveltyis important, as is its convenience, easy production and use, its few secondary effects,reasonable price, recreational aspects... All this forms part of the social representationwhich has been created around these drugs, although in practice we know that they arenot free from dangers and that their use, although basically a recreational one at thepresent time, has many connections with other types of drugs. Nor are they exempt froma compulsive or addictive use. This type of drug has gone from being totally unknown,or one where use was restricted to very minority groups, to enjoying an unprecedented13
Page 3 and 4: ORGANISATIONS AND NATIONAL RESEARCH
Page 5 and 6: This volume is dedicated very speci
Page 7 and 8: PRESENTATIONIt’s a great pleasure
Page 9: INDEXPág.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . .
Page 13: the most widely used because its ef
Page 16 and 17: All this led to the famous English
Page 18 and 19: had used it in the preceding month.
Page 20 and 21: had used ecstasy or a similar subst
Page 22 and 23: school population found a prevalenc
Page 24 and 25: isk factors among adolescents (Cala
Page 26 and 27: make quantitative what is qualitati
Page 28 and 29: concentrated in ecstasy use. A stud
Page 30 and 31: the others versions but with less i
Page 33 and 34: 3. SAMPLE DESIGN AND FIELD WORK3.1.
Page 35 and 36: Two different methods were suggeste
Page 37 and 38: according to drug use level. Finall
Page 39 and 40: We came into contact with eight ind
Page 41 and 42: 4. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUNDINTRO
Page 43 and 44: We did not think it would be necess
Page 45 and 46: STUDY LEVEL (% on global sample; %
Page 47 and 48: In Utrecht, most of the young peopl
Page 49: SUMMARYWe remind again that, in spi
Page 52 and 53: This classification will be used fr
Page 54 and 55: Montagne, 1992) or Rimini, in Italy
Page 56 and 57: RELIGION PRACTITIONER (% on global
Page 58 and 59: It stands out the high percentage o
Page 60 and 61:
Amphetamines are often used with fr
Page 62 and 63:
In the Utrecht sample, however, alt
Page 64 and 65:
GLOBAL SAMPLE ANSWERSThe most popul
Page 66 and 67:
These data are interesting in order
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WITH WHOM TO CONSUME ECSTASY? (In %
Page 70 and 71:
As we have already seen in other ta
Page 73 and 74:
6. SENSATION SEEKING SCALE (SSS)6.1
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correlation’s varies in function
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consumers sample comprises individu
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DISINHIBITION (DIS)Modena, Palma an
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y the non-consumer groups. In addit
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Once again, on the Boredom Suscepti
Page 85:
this new scale. The individuals bel
Page 88 and 89:
Still following psychoanalysis, Koh
Page 90 and 91:
seeking scale, the hypotheses for t
Page 92 and 93:
SDS results according to sexSexPunc
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understanding and explaining realit
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there would be two more or less dif
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RELATION BETWEEN ECSTASY AND SEXThe
Page 100 and 101:
of medicaments. In fact, they are p
Page 102 and 103:
In any case, it is true indeed that
Page 104 and 105:
Well aware that these interpretatio
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with others, facilitates being able
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8.3.2. Social Representation in the
Page 110 and 111:
with problems”, “the problem wi
Page 112 and 113:
feel good”, “it causes euphoria
Page 114 and 115:
Therefore, and taking into account
Page 116 and 117:
appear in the diagram, as they have
Page 118 and 119:
as one of the reasons for taking ec
Page 120 and 121:
In the C diagram we see distributio
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shy people” and “escape from re
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We believe the adequate way of inte
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In the C group there are five compo
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ecause ecstasy use is connected wit
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Nowadays, three studies are being c
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can become addictive conducts and h
Page 134 and 135:
therapeutic virtues that have been
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CESDIP/CNRS, Centre d’Etudes et d
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The Interior Ministry considers tha
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In spite of the methodological limi
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directed at investigating the quali
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follows; 60 % hash/marihuana, 11% e
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The results highlighted that respon
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young people interviewed considered
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In the last few years, however, in
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04) Ensuring that water is availabl
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♦ Zini G., Indagine sul consumo d
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Ossebaard, H.C. (1996). Drugspreven
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From the secondary school populatio
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Huizer, H. (1996). Rapport over het
Page 162 and 163:
A related theme is to describe toda
Page 164 and 165:
Verhulst, J. (1996). XTC kan altijd
Page 166 and 167:
Because this review is meant to giv
Page 168 and 169:
170Mudde, L. (1997). ‘XTC is nog
Page 170 and 171:
2) The second research was carried
Page 172 and 173:
Even so it is possible to make a di
Page 174 and 175:
At the round table of social Analys
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2. Press articles regarding ecstasy
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Comas Arnau D, Velázquez Andrés J
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182estimulantes. p. 111-29.Salazar
Page 182 and 183:
to the middle and upper classes. Th
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The culturally sensitive poly-consu
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CONSUMERS
Page 188 and 189:
stereotype, there was also the mess
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their habitual environment, without
Page 192 and 193:
experiment with drugs such as heroi
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This policy is being received very
Page 196 and 197:
SPECIFIC EUROPEAN PREVENTIVE CAMPAI
Page 198 and 199:
The material used was a triptych, c
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establishments. This first initiati
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The latest campaign which formed pa
Page 204 and 205:
NETHERLANDSIn Holland, there have b
Page 206 and 207:
Don’t force yourself to be always
Page 208 and 209:
preventive strategies related to ec
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Within the harm minimisation strate
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11. PREVENTION PROPOSALSPREVENTION
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implied danger), but depending on w
Page 217 and 218:
Despite the different policies on d
Page 219 and 220:
12. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY001. Abric,
Page 221 and 222:
031. Díaz, A., Barruti, M. and Don
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misuse. Addiction 89.068. Kandel, D
Page 225 and 226:
102. O’Rourke, P.J. (1985) Tune i
Page 227:
137. Ureña, M.M. and Serra, F. (19
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The interview will be semi-structur
Page 232 and 233:
♦ which subjects are the most fre
Page 235 and 236:
ANNEX 3QUESTIONNAIRE OF SOCIALREPRE
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06. Birthplace (city and country):-
Page 239 and 240:
19. In the last three months, how m
Page 241 and 242:
30. Have you taken any other substa
Page 243 and 244:
Next sentences are about your prefe
Page 245 and 246:
SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONSINSTRUCTIONSB
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ANNEX 4PROTOCOL TO RECRUIT THE DISC
Page 249 and 250:
⇒ envelopes with stamp and addres
Page 251:
I R E F R E AIREFREA is a european
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