ECONOMICAL STATUS (% on global sample)COIMBRA MODENA NICE PALMA. UTRECHTHigh +middle high 24,7 27,1 27,6 27,0 63,5Middle 63,4 60,7 48,4 62,9 27,1Middle low + low 11,8 12,2 23,9 10,1 09,4Before analys<strong>in</strong>g the similarities or differences among percentages <strong>of</strong> the five cities,it is important to po<strong>in</strong>t out that what we tried with this question was to get peoplesubjective impressions about their own <strong>social</strong> level or their families, <strong>and</strong>, accord<strong>in</strong>g tothat, they placed themselves <strong>in</strong> the different categories. For this reason we are not fac<strong>in</strong>gobjective data, but subjective valuations from each <strong>in</strong>dividual. To belong to a certa<strong>in</strong>group or <strong>social</strong> level is a topic <strong>in</strong>fluenced by many variables (some objectives <strong>and</strong> somesubjective) <strong>and</strong> reasons to chose one or another category can be different <strong>in</strong> everycountry. Some <strong>of</strong> the field workers have report that was not easy for some people toanswer to this question.Accord<strong>in</strong>g to the data, <strong>and</strong> with the reservation expressed before, Utrecht is wherepeople def<strong>in</strong>e themselves as more wealthy. In Coimbra, Modena <strong>and</strong> Palma deMallorca, the most common answer is “middle”. A certa<strong>in</strong> percentage (23,9%) <strong>of</strong> the<strong>in</strong>terviewees from Nice, who have high economical earn<strong>in</strong>gs quite superior to the othercities –we will see this po<strong>in</strong>t later-, consider themselves, however, <strong>of</strong> a lower <strong>social</strong>level. This is probably due to the fact that <strong>in</strong> this city there are a lot <strong>of</strong> people who havef<strong>in</strong>ished their studies <strong>and</strong> are already work<strong>in</strong>g. Only this can expla<strong>in</strong> why we have onlyfound a 27,6% <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals <strong>of</strong> the high + middle high class, when the data we havebeen analys<strong>in</strong>g show us that <strong>in</strong>terviewees from Nice, <strong>and</strong> also from Utrecht, are the oneswho personally have more money.In every city, the “middle-low” <strong>and</strong> “low” level is the one with less <strong>in</strong>dividuals, be<strong>in</strong>gNice the city with the highest percentage (23,9%), quite a big difference with the othersamples.WITH WHOM DO YOU LIVE (% on global sample)COIMBRA MODENA NICE PALMA UTRECHTFamily 42,9 68,1 38,4 71,3 19,0Wife/couple 09,2 04,5 19,0 07,2 20,1Friends 26,0 16,9 04,8 12,2 04,1Student Residence 08,1 02,2 06,3 01,5 36,0Alone 09,2 01,3 27,7 06,6 17,6Others 04,8 07,0 03,9 01,2 03,3The samples where we f<strong>in</strong>d the highest percentage <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals who live with theirparents are Modena (68,1%) <strong>and</strong> Palma de Mallorca (71,3%), <strong>and</strong> the sample where wef<strong>in</strong>d the lowest percentage is Utrecht (19%), that shows a significant great difference withthe other cities.48
In Utrecht, most <strong>of</strong> the young people are <strong>in</strong>dependent from their families <strong>and</strong> livewith a couple/married or alone, above all <strong>in</strong> residences (36%). Emancipation at such anearly age is someth<strong>in</strong>g that answers to cultural <strong>and</strong> economical matters. In this sense,we already know that the sample <strong>of</strong> Utrecht has a higher purchas<strong>in</strong>g power <strong>and</strong> animportant percentage <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals have a scholarship or a job.In comparison with Modena <strong>and</strong> Palma de Mallorca we f<strong>in</strong>d that Utrecht <strong>and</strong> Nicehave a quite low percentage <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals who live with their families. It st<strong>and</strong>s out thehigh percentage <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals who live <strong>in</strong> these two towns with a couple/married (19%<strong>in</strong> Nice <strong>and</strong> 20,1 <strong>in</strong> Utrecht) or alone (27,7% <strong>in</strong> Nice <strong>and</strong> 17,6 <strong>in</strong> Utrecht). This data isalso connected with a better economical status.In Coimbra, it st<strong>and</strong>s out the high percentage <strong>of</strong> young people who live with friends. Wesuppose they are students from other areas that share a flat while study<strong>in</strong>g at the university.HOW MUCH DO THEY EARN PER MONTH (In ECU)COIMBRA MODENA NICE PALMA UTRECHTMean 342,80 446,90 830,8 434,9 594,9St<strong>and</strong>ard Deviation 235,00 485,64 700,1 425,4 458,1M-Estimator (Huber) 295,28 284,00 688,3 338,9 514,9There are significant differences (test de Kruskal-Wallis) between the French <strong>and</strong>Dutch sample <strong>and</strong> the other cities, though Utrecht <strong>and</strong> Nice have also differencesbetween them. In order to read the table it is recommended to follow the M-Estimator<strong>of</strong> Huber, s<strong>in</strong>ce the st<strong>and</strong>ard deviation is high <strong>and</strong> the mean can <strong>in</strong>duce to an error.Nice, followed by Utrecht, is the city where young people earn more per week. Theexplanation <strong>of</strong> these differences is found <strong>in</strong> the purchas<strong>in</strong>g power <strong>of</strong> each country.Nevertheless, there are other reasons, as we have seen <strong>in</strong> the analysis <strong>of</strong> other tables<strong>of</strong> this study. The mean <strong>in</strong>terviewee from these two cities is older, <strong>in</strong>dependent fromhis/her family <strong>and</strong> has a job. We must also remember that a higher percentage <strong>of</strong> theUtrecht sample consider themselves to a high/middle-high <strong>social</strong> level -63,5%- though<strong>in</strong> other cities this percentage is around 27%. Besides, <strong>in</strong> those two cities there are moreuniversity students than <strong>in</strong> Coimbra, Modena <strong>and</strong> Palma.MONEY’S ORIGIN (In %)COIMBRA# MODENA++ NICE** PALMA* UTRECHT+Family 60,2 60,8 32,1 46,6 03,4Permanent job 20,7 27,8 41,3 17,6 25,1Temporary job 13,3 08,4 08,6 28,3 45,9Scholarship 01,7 00,8 07,9 02,0 18,7Public assistance 01,2 00,4 05,1 01,0 04,6Others 02,9 01,7 05,1 04,6 02,4# 38 Miss<strong>in</strong>g ++83 Miss<strong>in</strong>g ** 25 Miss<strong>in</strong>g * 30 Miss<strong>in</strong>g +39 Miss<strong>in</strong>g49
- Page 3 and 4: ORGANISATIONS AND NATIONAL RESEARCH
- Page 5 and 6: This volume is dedicated very speci
- Page 7 and 8: PRESENTATIONIt’s a great pleasure
- Page 9 and 10: INDEXPág.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . .
- Page 11 and 12: 1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DESIGNER DRUGS,
- Page 13: the most widely used because its ef
- Page 16 and 17: All this led to the famous English
- Page 18 and 19: had used it in the preceding month.
- Page 20 and 21: had used ecstasy or a similar subst
- Page 22 and 23: school population found a prevalenc
- Page 24 and 25: isk factors among adolescents (Cala
- Page 26 and 27: make quantitative what is qualitati
- Page 28 and 29: concentrated in ecstasy use. A stud
- Page 30 and 31: the others versions but with less i
- Page 33 and 34: 3. SAMPLE DESIGN AND FIELD WORK3.1.
- Page 35 and 36: Two different methods were suggeste
- Page 37 and 38: according to drug use level. Finall
- Page 39 and 40: We came into contact with eight ind
- Page 41 and 42: 4. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUNDINTRO
- Page 43 and 44: We did not think it would be necess
- Page 45: STUDY LEVEL (% on global sample; %
- Page 49: SUMMARYWe remind again that, in spi
- Page 52 and 53: This classification will be used fr
- Page 54 and 55: Montagne, 1992) or Rimini, in Italy
- Page 56 and 57: RELIGION PRACTITIONER (% on global
- Page 58 and 59: It stands out the high percentage o
- Page 60 and 61: Amphetamines are often used with fr
- Page 62 and 63: In the Utrecht sample, however, alt
- Page 64 and 65: GLOBAL SAMPLE ANSWERSThe most popul
- Page 66 and 67: These data are interesting in order
- Page 68 and 69: WITH WHOM TO CONSUME ECSTASY? (In %
- Page 70 and 71: As we have already seen in other ta
- Page 73 and 74: 6. SENSATION SEEKING SCALE (SSS)6.1
- Page 75 and 76: correlation’s varies in function
- Page 77 and 78: consumers sample comprises individu
- Page 79 and 80: DISINHIBITION (DIS)Modena, Palma an
- Page 81 and 82: y the non-consumer groups. In addit
- Page 83 and 84: Once again, on the Boredom Suscepti
- Page 85: this new scale. The individuals bel
- Page 88 and 89: Still following psychoanalysis, Koh
- Page 90 and 91: seeking scale, the hypotheses for t
- Page 92 and 93: SDS results according to sexSexPunc
- Page 94 and 95: understanding and explaining realit
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there would be two more or less dif
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RELATION BETWEEN ECSTASY AND SEXThe
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of medicaments. In fact, they are p
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In any case, it is true indeed that
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Well aware that these interpretatio
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with others, facilitates being able
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8.3.2. Social Representation in the
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with problems”, “the problem wi
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feel good”, “it causes euphoria
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Therefore, and taking into account
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appear in the diagram, as they have
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as one of the reasons for taking ec
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In the C diagram we see distributio
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shy people” and “escape from re
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We believe the adequate way of inte
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In the C group there are five compo
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ecause ecstasy use is connected wit
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Nowadays, three studies are being c
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can become addictive conducts and h
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therapeutic virtues that have been
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CESDIP/CNRS, Centre d’Etudes et d
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The Interior Ministry considers tha
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In spite of the methodological limi
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directed at investigating the quali
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follows; 60 % hash/marihuana, 11% e
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The results highlighted that respon
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young people interviewed considered
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In the last few years, however, in
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04) Ensuring that water is availabl
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♦ Zini G., Indagine sul consumo d
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Ossebaard, H.C. (1996). Drugspreven
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From the secondary school populatio
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Huizer, H. (1996). Rapport over het
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A related theme is to describe toda
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Verhulst, J. (1996). XTC kan altijd
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Because this review is meant to giv
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170Mudde, L. (1997). ‘XTC is nog
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2) The second research was carried
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Even so it is possible to make a di
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At the round table of social Analys
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2. Press articles regarding ecstasy
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Comas Arnau D, Velázquez Andrés J
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182estimulantes. p. 111-29.Salazar
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to the middle and upper classes. Th
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The culturally sensitive poly-consu
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CONSUMERS
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stereotype, there was also the mess
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their habitual environment, without
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experiment with drugs such as heroi
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This policy is being received very
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SPECIFIC EUROPEAN PREVENTIVE CAMPAI
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The material used was a triptych, c
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establishments. This first initiati
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The latest campaign which formed pa
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NETHERLANDSIn Holland, there have b
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Don’t force yourself to be always
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preventive strategies related to ec
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Within the harm minimisation strate
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11. PREVENTION PROPOSALSPREVENTION
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implied danger), but depending on w
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Despite the different policies on d
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12. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY001. Abric,
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031. Díaz, A., Barruti, M. and Don
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misuse. Addiction 89.068. Kandel, D
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102. O’Rourke, P.J. (1985) Tune i
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137. Ureña, M.M. and Serra, F. (19
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The interview will be semi-structur
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♦ which subjects are the most fre
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ANNEX 3QUESTIONNAIRE OF SOCIALREPRE
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06. Birthplace (city and country):-
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19. In the last three months, how m
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30. Have you taken any other substa
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Next sentences are about your prefe
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONSINSTRUCTIONSB
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ANNEX 4PROTOCOL TO RECRUIT THE DISC
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⇒ envelopes with stamp and addres
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I R E F R E AIREFREA is a european