Characteristics and social representation of ecstasy in Europe - Irefrea

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Huizer, H. (1996). Rapport over het ‘DIMS’-onderzoek. Rijswijk: GerechtelijkLaboratorium, Ministerie van Justitie.Joore, J.C.A., J. Meulenbelt (1996). Landelijk Registratiesysteem voor klinischeXTC-incidenten. Concept Rapport. Bilthoven: Nationaal VergiftigingenInformatie Centrum, Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu.Konijn, K.Z., E.J.M. Pennings, F.A. de Wolff (1997). XTC, de klinische entoxicologische aspecten. Leiden: Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, KlinischeChemie, Farmacie en Toxicologie, Laboratorium voor toxicologie.de Loor, A. (1996). Slachtofferregistratie. Tussentijdse rapportage overslachtofferregistratie op grootschalige evenementen. Amsterdam: StichtingAdviesburo Drugs.Mensink, C., B. van Kampen (1997). Het Drugs Informatie en Monitoring Systeem(DIMS) nader bekeken. Utrecht: Trimbos-instituut.Schippers, G.M., T.G. Broekman (1997). Alcohol, drugs, and tobacco research1995-1996. Register of research in the netherlands and flanders on the use, theusers, and the effects of alcohol, drugs, and tobacco in 1995-1996. Meppel:Krips.Spruit, I.P. (1997). XTC in Nederland. Een samenvatting van de bevindingen van zesprojecten. Den Haag: Sdu, Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport.MASS MEDIA MATERIALIn glossy magazines and other journals (for youth) we often find articles on thedifferent kinds of ecstasy, which are available. Other times they involve comments onother articles on the different kinds of ecstasy. The writers of these articles try to giveinformation about the products their readers use.One example: In ‘Basic Groove’ which is a popular youth journal we read an articleabout Butterfly-sting (Brouwer, z.j.). The author explains that this ‘new’ drug -which bysome people has been promoted as a new (legal) drug in succession to ecstasy- isn’t newat all. He writes that some institutes have started a warning campaign already, to informpotential users about B-sting. In fact B-sting is a low dosed LSD (which is an illegaldrug). It has nothing to do with ecstasy and is sold at stiff prices (forty guilders).Another example: Tripping out is allowed (Bogert, 1996). Several party drugs aredescribed and some experts explain the current situation.A related theme is the `pollution of the ecstasy market’. In several articles we readthat it is becoming harder and harder to find pure ecstasy in the Netherlands. Someinsiders blame the government for putting ecstasy on the list of illegal drugs in 1988.According to these authors the pollution of the ecstasy-market started at that moment.In some recent articles the growing repression of the police is blamed for the pollutionof the ecstasy market.Examples: The loss of a lover pill (Barkman & Hage, 1996) and More and more isjunk sold as ecstasy (Rottenberg, 1997).162
Furthermore we find articles in newspapers and magazines about the way things goin illegal ‘drugland’. The authors try to open the discussion if and what policymakersshould do about the situation.In some articles nameless users and/or dealers are quoted. In other articles otherinsiders or experts are quoted by name. By describing these illegal situations with insideinformation, authors try to explain the difficulties for authorities to take action and askthemselves if it is advisable to take action at. Examples are Dealing in discotheques isno big deal (Bruijn & Visser, 1997) and Nobody notices if you take a tablet in your carat night (Horsten, 1997). Both are articles in Dutch newspapers and have been writtenas a result of the closure of a popular dance club in Amsterdam, where the police foundcocaine and ecstasy when they busted the club.We find articles in the same style when the police rounds up a gang of ecstasyproducers. For example Ecstasy isn’t a trouble-free pleasure pill (van Eik, 1992), wherea prevention worker explains that those round ups don’t influence the market that much,but that the use of ecstasy shouldn’t being made a criminal act in such way that socialworkers can’t contact (problematic) drug users anymore.Other articles are descriptions of the atmosphere at raves. In most articles we readabout an atmosphere of ‘love and peace’ which is characteristic for raves, despitedifferences between the party goers (urban, provincial, gabbers (in U.K. gabbah),mellowers, hippies, football-supporters). Mostly the peaceful situation is attributed toecstasy (and the low alcohol consumption) by statements from both party goers andpolice officers.In those articles we also read about controls at the door, which can not really preventpeople from taking ecstasy.In other articles where the atmosphere at raves is described (especially when itcomes to hardcore raves), authors try to describe the gabber culture as ‘empty’ or‘meaningless’. In one of those articles the gabber philosophy is summarised by a visitoras “Intoxicated, using lots of drugs and not sleeping” (Giesen, 1997). Interesting is thequote of an American philosopher, Mark Dery, who explains the rituals of the gabbersas a result of the great pressures and stress in a rational world. The author states thatmost gabbers are actually calculating users: at Saturday they go out of their mind, atSunday they rest and recover, and Monday they go to school again.Same style in Dance Valley (van der Bijl & van Genderen, 1996): the atmosphere isdescribed by quoting snatches of conversations, most of them depicting people underthe influence.As a reaction to the large and hollow hardcore raves, there has been a culturalhardcore rave last summer, called Gabberland, to “help gabbers to explore theirinterests”. The atmosphere at this festival is described as relaxed. But the authorwonders what will happen to gabber house as a counterculture, if all gabber ravesbecome smooth and relaxed (Abeling, 1997). [N.B. 25% of youth consider themselves‘gabber’].163
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ORGANISATIONS AND NATIONAL RESEARCH
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This volume is dedicated very speci
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PRESENTATIONIt’s a great pleasure
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INDEXPág.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . .
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1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DESIGNER DRUGS,
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the most widely used because its ef
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All this led to the famous English
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had used it in the preceding month.
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had used ecstasy or a similar subst
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school population found a prevalenc
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isk factors among adolescents (Cala
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make quantitative what is qualitati
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concentrated in ecstasy use. A stud
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the others versions but with less i
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3. SAMPLE DESIGN AND FIELD WORK3.1.
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Two different methods were suggeste
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according to drug use level. Finall
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We came into contact with eight ind
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4. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUNDINTRO
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We did not think it would be necess
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STUDY LEVEL (% on global sample; %
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In Utrecht, most of the young peopl
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SUMMARYWe remind again that, in spi
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This classification will be used fr
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Montagne, 1992) or Rimini, in Italy
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RELIGION PRACTITIONER (% on global
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It stands out the high percentage o
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Amphetamines are often used with fr
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In the Utrecht sample, however, alt
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GLOBAL SAMPLE ANSWERSThe most popul
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These data are interesting in order
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WITH WHOM TO CONSUME ECSTASY? (In %
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As we have already seen in other ta
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6. SENSATION SEEKING SCALE (SSS)6.1
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correlation’s varies in function
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consumers sample comprises individu
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DISINHIBITION (DIS)Modena, Palma an
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y the non-consumer groups. In addit
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Once again, on the Boredom Suscepti
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this new scale. The individuals bel
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Still following psychoanalysis, Koh
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seeking scale, the hypotheses for t
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SDS results according to sexSexPunc
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understanding and explaining realit
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there would be two more or less dif
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RELATION BETWEEN ECSTASY AND SEXThe
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of medicaments. In fact, they are p
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In any case, it is true indeed that
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Well aware that these interpretatio
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with others, facilitates being able
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8.3.2. Social Representation in the
Page 110 and 111: with problems”, “the problem wi
Page 112 and 113: feel good”, “it causes euphoria
Page 114 and 115: Therefore, and taking into account
Page 116 and 117: appear in the diagram, as they have
Page 118 and 119: as one of the reasons for taking ec
Page 120 and 121: In the C diagram we see distributio
Page 122 and 123: shy people” and “escape from re
Page 124 and 125: We believe the adequate way of inte
Page 126 and 127: In the C group there are five compo
Page 128 and 129: ecause ecstasy use is connected wit
Page 130 and 131: Nowadays, three studies are being c
Page 132 and 133: can become addictive conducts and h
Page 134 and 135: therapeutic virtues that have been
Page 136 and 137: CESDIP/CNRS, Centre d’Etudes et d
Page 138 and 139: The Interior Ministry considers tha
Page 140 and 141: In spite of the methodological limi
Page 142 and 143: directed at investigating the quali
Page 144 and 145: follows; 60 % hash/marihuana, 11% e
Page 146 and 147: The results highlighted that respon
Page 148 and 149: young people interviewed considered
Page 150 and 151: In the last few years, however, in
Page 152 and 153: 04) Ensuring that water is availabl
Page 154 and 155: ♦ Zini G., Indagine sul consumo d
Page 156 and 157: Ossebaard, H.C. (1996). Drugspreven
Page 158 and 159: From the secondary school populatio
Page 162 and 163: A related theme is to describe toda
Page 164 and 165: Verhulst, J. (1996). XTC kan altijd
Page 166 and 167: Because this review is meant to giv
Page 168 and 169: 170Mudde, L. (1997). ‘XTC is nog
Page 170 and 171: 2) The second research was carried
Page 172 and 173: Even so it is possible to make a di
Page 174 and 175: At the round table of social Analys
Page 176 and 177: 2. Press articles regarding ecstasy
Page 178 and 179: Comas Arnau D, Velázquez Andrés J
Page 180 and 181: 182estimulantes. p. 111-29.Salazar
Page 182 and 183: to the middle and upper classes. Th
Page 184 and 185: The culturally sensitive poly-consu
Page 186 and 187: SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CONSUMERS
Page 188 and 189: stereotype, there was also the mess
Page 190 and 191: their habitual environment, without
Page 192 and 193: experiment with drugs such as heroi
Page 194 and 195: This policy is being received very
Page 196 and 197: SPECIFIC EUROPEAN PREVENTIVE CAMPAI
Page 198 and 199: The material used was a triptych, c
Page 200 and 201: establishments. This first initiati
Page 202 and 203: The latest campaign which formed pa
Page 204 and 205: NETHERLANDSIn Holland, there have b
Page 206 and 207: Don’t force yourself to be always
Page 208 and 209: preventive strategies related to ec
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Within the harm minimisation strate
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11. PREVENTION PROPOSALSPREVENTION
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implied danger), but depending on w
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Despite the different policies on d
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12. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY001. Abric,
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031. Díaz, A., Barruti, M. and Don
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misuse. Addiction 89.068. Kandel, D
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102. O’Rourke, P.J. (1985) Tune i
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137. Ureña, M.M. and Serra, F. (19
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The interview will be semi-structur
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♦ which subjects are the most fre
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ANNEX 3QUESTIONNAIRE OF SOCIALREPRE
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06. Birthplace (city and country):-
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19. In the last three months, how m
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30. Have you taken any other substa
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Next sentences are about your prefe
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONSINSTRUCTIONSB
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ANNEX 4PROTOCOL TO RECRUIT THE DISC
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⇒ envelopes with stamp and addres
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I R E F R E AIREFREA is a european
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