Characteristics and social representation of ecstasy in Europe - Irefrea

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concentrated in ecstasy use. A study using this scale has been made in Spain by Villa(1996) with a limited sample of 17 consumers, supporting the hypothesis that this drugis used to seek new forms of amusement and as a way of escaping to boredom. In ourcase we will try to verify if this hypothesis is valid in all the samples of the differentcountries or if, on the contrary, we find different motivations depending on thenationality or other variables.The results of this scale are complemented with the study of the socialrepresentations, in the sense that the motivations for the consumption can strengthen orcontradict a certain social representation.The Social Deviation Scale, also a quantitative instrument, opens the study to otherfields and youth problems as psychological characteristics or socially deviantinclinations. The investigations show a complex and sometimes coincident relationshipbetween the risk factors that facilitate drug use and delinquency.2.2. RESEARCH DESIGNIn September 1996 took place a meeting of the national researchers in order todefine the objectives of the study and to discuss the investigation design. In thismeeting, following the previous schemes, it was decided to make a first exploratoryphase using qualitative techniques such as the semi-structured interview, documentaryanalysis and direct observation.In this exploratory phase each country had to make four semi-structured interviews,according to a previous plan prepared by the project director and to select the relevantelements in all kind of magazines, press, and other literature connected with the designdrugs, as well as be familiar with the disco atmosphere and to get informants thatafterwards could be used to carry out the gathering of the sample.In a second meeting celebrated in Lyon in the month of November the results of theexploratory phase were analysed, and the methods for the elaboration of the definitivequestionnaire were discussed, considering the objectives of the study and the results ofthe interviews and documentary analysis, and the selection criteria of the samples weremade specific. It was necessary to have a questionnaire that met all the needs of theinvestigation: a) a sociodemographic part that allows a description of the samples andthe search of controls for the consumers; b) a quantitative part in order to know theconsumption characteristics of the sample; c) a social representations questionnaire; d)the Sensation Seeker and Social Deviation questionnaires.2.3. TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTS USEDEXPLORATORY PHASE.30
2.3.1. Semi-structured interviewsIn the exploratory phase, all the representatives of the different cities in the projectmade semi-structured interviews following the same plan (see annex 1). Each countryhad to make four interviews, two to ecstasy users, and two to non-ecstasy users (beingindifferent if they used other drugs). The interviewee had to speak about the topicssettled in the project plan, but the interviewer should never transform that in anexamination, because the spontaneity of the answers were essential in this exploratoryphase.The objective of these interviews was to know the ideas, images, etc. concerningecstasy, as well as to approximate us to ways of life, night environments, music, andother elements bound to this type of drug use.2.3.2. Documentary and bibliographical analysisEach country had to make a bibliographical research and analyse those documents(scientific as well as journalistic) related to designer drugs, in order to see the way thistopic had been treated in their country and to gather the most popular attitudes,convictions and ideas that the authors of these documents transmit to the readers (seeannex 2).INVESTIGATION PHASE.2.3.3. QuestionnaireThe closed questionnaire (see annex 3) was the selected method for collecting theinformation needed. After sharing the opinions and points of view in the differentcountries on a meeting, and analysing several questionnaires, we got, through mail andtelephonic conversations, a common questionnaire that had four different parts:• Part I: Sociodemographic variables (basically to know the characteristics of thesample and be able to make the selection of the control group according to age,sex, study level, socioeconomic level,…).• Part II: Variables of standards and characteristic of consumption and ways of life.• Part III: Sensations Seeker and Social Deviation scales.The Sensations Seeker Scale was designed by Zuckerman to quantify the “optimumstimulation level” concept (Cárdenas and Moreno, 1989), which means that eachindividual has his own optimum stimulation level. This scale has several versions, andin this study it has been used the last one, the version V, that has the same factors that31
Page 3 and 4: ORGANISATIONS AND NATIONAL RESEARCH
Page 5 and 6: This volume is dedicated very speci
Page 7 and 8: PRESENTATIONIt’s a great pleasure
Page 9 and 10: INDEXPág.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . .
Page 11 and 12: 1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DESIGNER DRUGS,
Page 13: the most widely used because its ef
Page 16 and 17: All this led to the famous English
Page 18 and 19: had used it in the preceding month.
Page 20 and 21: had used ecstasy or a similar subst
Page 22 and 23: school population found a prevalenc
Page 24 and 25: isk factors among adolescents (Cala
Page 26 and 27: make quantitative what is qualitati
Page 30 and 31: the others versions but with less i
Page 33 and 34: 3. SAMPLE DESIGN AND FIELD WORK3.1.
Page 35 and 36: Two different methods were suggeste
Page 37 and 38: according to drug use level. Finall
Page 39 and 40: We came into contact with eight ind
Page 41 and 42: 4. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUNDINTRO
Page 43 and 44: We did not think it would be necess
Page 45 and 46: STUDY LEVEL (% on global sample; %
Page 47 and 48: In Utrecht, most of the young peopl
Page 49: SUMMARYWe remind again that, in spi
Page 52 and 53: This classification will be used fr
Page 54 and 55: Montagne, 1992) or Rimini, in Italy
Page 56 and 57: RELIGION PRACTITIONER (% on global
Page 58 and 59: It stands out the high percentage o
Page 60 and 61: Amphetamines are often used with fr
Page 62 and 63: In the Utrecht sample, however, alt
Page 64 and 65: GLOBAL SAMPLE ANSWERSThe most popul
Page 66 and 67: These data are interesting in order
Page 68 and 69: WITH WHOM TO CONSUME ECSTASY? (In %
Page 70 and 71: As we have already seen in other ta
Page 73 and 74: 6. SENSATION SEEKING SCALE (SSS)6.1
Page 75 and 76: correlation’s varies in function
Page 77 and 78: consumers sample comprises individu
Page 79 and 80:
DISINHIBITION (DIS)Modena, Palma an
Page 81 and 82:
y the non-consumer groups. In addit
Page 83 and 84:
Once again, on the Boredom Suscepti
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this new scale. The individuals bel
Page 88 and 89:
Still following psychoanalysis, Koh
Page 90 and 91:
seeking scale, the hypotheses for t
Page 92 and 93:
SDS results according to sexSexPunc
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understanding and explaining realit
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there would be two more or less dif
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RELATION BETWEEN ECSTASY AND SEXThe
Page 100 and 101:
of medicaments. In fact, they are p
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In any case, it is true indeed that
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Well aware that these interpretatio
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with others, facilitates being able
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8.3.2. Social Representation in the
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with problems”, “the problem wi
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feel good”, “it causes euphoria
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Therefore, and taking into account
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appear in the diagram, as they have
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as one of the reasons for taking ec
Page 120 and 121:
In the C diagram we see distributio
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shy people” and “escape from re
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We believe the adequate way of inte
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In the C group there are five compo
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ecause ecstasy use is connected wit
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Nowadays, three studies are being c
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can become addictive conducts and h
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therapeutic virtues that have been
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CESDIP/CNRS, Centre d’Etudes et d
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The Interior Ministry considers tha
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In spite of the methodological limi
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directed at investigating the quali
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follows; 60 % hash/marihuana, 11% e
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The results highlighted that respon
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young people interviewed considered
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In the last few years, however, in
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04) Ensuring that water is availabl
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♦ Zini G., Indagine sul consumo d
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Ossebaard, H.C. (1996). Drugspreven
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From the secondary school populatio
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Huizer, H. (1996). Rapport over het
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A related theme is to describe toda
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Verhulst, J. (1996). XTC kan altijd
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Because this review is meant to giv
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170Mudde, L. (1997). ‘XTC is nog
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2) The second research was carried
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Even so it is possible to make a di
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At the round table of social Analys
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2. Press articles regarding ecstasy
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Comas Arnau D, Velázquez Andrés J
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182estimulantes. p. 111-29.Salazar
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to the middle and upper classes. Th
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The culturally sensitive poly-consu
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CONSUMERS
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stereotype, there was also the mess
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their habitual environment, without
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experiment with drugs such as heroi
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This policy is being received very
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SPECIFIC EUROPEAN PREVENTIVE CAMPAI
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The material used was a triptych, c
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establishments. This first initiati
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The latest campaign which formed pa
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NETHERLANDSIn Holland, there have b
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Don’t force yourself to be always
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preventive strategies related to ec
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Within the harm minimisation strate
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11. PREVENTION PROPOSALSPREVENTION
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implied danger), but depending on w
Page 217 and 218:
Despite the different policies on d
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12. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY001. Abric,
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031. Díaz, A., Barruti, M. and Don
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misuse. Addiction 89.068. Kandel, D
Page 225 and 226:
102. O’Rourke, P.J. (1985) Tune i
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137. Ureña, M.M. and Serra, F. (19
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The interview will be semi-structur
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♦ which subjects are the most fre
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ANNEX 3QUESTIONNAIRE OF SOCIALREPRE
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06. Birthplace (city and country):-
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19. In the last three months, how m
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30. Have you taken any other substa
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Next sentences are about your prefe
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONSINSTRUCTIONSB
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ANNEX 4PROTOCOL TO RECRUIT THE DISC
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⇒ envelopes with stamp and addres
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I R E F R E AIREFREA is a european
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