Characteristics and social representation of ecstasy in Europe - Irefrea

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Sample distribution (N= 1.627)UNIVERSITY DISCOTHEQUEMDMA Non MDMA Nonconsumer consumer consumer consumerCOIMBRA 60 60 82 76MODENA 80 80 77 78NICE 67 60 84 125PALMA DE MALLORCA 84 79 84 87UTRECHT 86 91 97 90GLOBAL SAMPLE 377 370 424 4563.2. DISCO SAMPLESince the people and the ways ecstasy is used may change according to the kind ofdisco they attend, at the beginning we decided to classify the discos according to thetype of music/ environment, because it seemed that this would be connected with ahigher or lower ecstasy use level. However, this classification was not a suitable one atleast for Spain, where it does not exist the same level of connection between using acertain drug and a concrete disco. Previous observations verified that in Palma deMallorca, what settles the kind of people, the consumption level or the kind of music isnot, most of the times, the different sort of discos, but the time the of the night peopleattends the discos. For that reason, in order to obtain comparable samples, it wasnecessary to seek a more general criterion to select the sample: that is, to associate theinterviewee to the environments or situations of higher or lower level of ecstasy use.Following this criterion every research team had to look for discos or situations of high,medium and low ecstasy use, so that some would make it according to discos and othersaccording to time.Consequently the sample distribution had to be according to every situation of risk,so that it assured a certain stratification among similar samples from every town. In thisway it was easier also to get a representation of different types of ecstasy users in everysample. As a consequence, the optimum sample distribution was determined to be thefollowing:* people recruited in a high drug use situation: 50%* recruited in a medium drug use situation: 40%* recruited in a low drug use situation: 10%36
Two different methods were suggested to collect the individuals for the sample:using the snowball technique or interviewing the individuals in the discos. Detailedinstructions accompanied both options in every country (see annex 4).3.3. UNIVERSITY SAMPLETo select the university samples, each city chose the most accessible faculties ordepartments. According to this and the coincidences of faculties and departments ineach town involved in the study, the proposed selection was as follows:• Humanity faculties:⇒ History (had to be about 20% of the total university sample).⇒ Philosophy (20% of the sample).• Psychology or Social Work (20% of the sample).• Sciences faculty:⇒ Biology (20% of the sample).• Computer Sciences or Mathematics (20% of the sample).It was decided to interview complete classes and every team started to look forsuitable contacts. Approximately 500 surveys was calculated would be enough to obtainthe 80-100 drug users needed for the study.3.4. FIELD WORK REPORTS3.4.1. Coimbra (Portugal)UNIVERSITY SAMPLEA permission to administer the questionnaire at the classes was requested. As thetopic turned out to be very interesting from the professors point of view, there was notany problem in giving that permission. On the whole, 800 surveys were administered.As only 50 consumers were found through this methodology, the snowball techniquehad to be employed to complete the sample.It was not difficult to get this sample, although many interviewees complained aboutthe length of the questionnaire and the complexity of the last part (social representationsquestionnaire).Finally, the university sample is composed by 60 drug users and 60 drug non-usersfrom the faculties of History, Philosophy, Psychology and Social Work, Computer37
Page 3 and 4: ORGANISATIONS AND NATIONAL RESEARCH
Page 5 and 6: This volume is dedicated very speci
Page 7 and 8: PRESENTATIONIt’s a great pleasure
Page 9 and 10: INDEXPág.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . .
Page 11 and 12: 1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DESIGNER DRUGS,
Page 13: the most widely used because its ef
Page 16 and 17: All this led to the famous English
Page 18 and 19: had used it in the preceding month.
Page 20 and 21: had used ecstasy or a similar subst
Page 22 and 23: school population found a prevalenc
Page 24 and 25: isk factors among adolescents (Cala
Page 26 and 27: make quantitative what is qualitati
Page 28 and 29: concentrated in ecstasy use. A stud
Page 30 and 31: the others versions but with less i
Page 33: 3. SAMPLE DESIGN AND FIELD WORK3.1.
Page 37 and 38: according to drug use level. Finall
Page 39 and 40: We came into contact with eight ind
Page 41 and 42: 4. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUNDINTRO
Page 43 and 44: We did not think it would be necess
Page 45 and 46: STUDY LEVEL (% on global sample; %
Page 47 and 48: In Utrecht, most of the young peopl
Page 49: SUMMARYWe remind again that, in spi
Page 52 and 53: This classification will be used fr
Page 54 and 55: Montagne, 1992) or Rimini, in Italy
Page 56 and 57: RELIGION PRACTITIONER (% on global
Page 58 and 59: It stands out the high percentage o
Page 60 and 61: Amphetamines are often used with fr
Page 62 and 63: In the Utrecht sample, however, alt
Page 64 and 65: GLOBAL SAMPLE ANSWERSThe most popul
Page 66 and 67: These data are interesting in order
Page 68 and 69: WITH WHOM TO CONSUME ECSTASY? (In %
Page 70 and 71: As we have already seen in other ta
Page 73 and 74: 6. SENSATION SEEKING SCALE (SSS)6.1
Page 75 and 76: correlation’s varies in function
Page 77 and 78: consumers sample comprises individu
Page 79 and 80: DISINHIBITION (DIS)Modena, Palma an
Page 81 and 82: y the non-consumer groups. In addit
Page 83 and 84: Once again, on the Boredom Suscepti
Page 85:
this new scale. The individuals bel
Page 88 and 89:
Still following psychoanalysis, Koh
Page 90 and 91:
seeking scale, the hypotheses for t
Page 92 and 93:
SDS results according to sexSexPunc
Page 94 and 95:
understanding and explaining realit
Page 96 and 97:
there would be two more or less dif
Page 98 and 99:
RELATION BETWEEN ECSTASY AND SEXThe
Page 100 and 101:
of medicaments. In fact, they are p
Page 102 and 103:
In any case, it is true indeed that
Page 104 and 105:
Well aware that these interpretatio
Page 106 and 107:
with others, facilitates being able
Page 108 and 109:
8.3.2. Social Representation in the
Page 110 and 111:
with problems”, “the problem wi
Page 112 and 113:
feel good”, “it causes euphoria
Page 114 and 115:
Therefore, and taking into account
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appear in the diagram, as they have
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as one of the reasons for taking ec
Page 120 and 121:
In the C diagram we see distributio
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shy people” and “escape from re
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We believe the adequate way of inte
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In the C group there are five compo
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ecause ecstasy use is connected wit
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Nowadays, three studies are being c
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can become addictive conducts and h
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therapeutic virtues that have been
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CESDIP/CNRS, Centre d’Etudes et d
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The Interior Ministry considers tha
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In spite of the methodological limi
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directed at investigating the quali
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follows; 60 % hash/marihuana, 11% e
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The results highlighted that respon
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young people interviewed considered
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In the last few years, however, in
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04) Ensuring that water is availabl
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♦ Zini G., Indagine sul consumo d
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Ossebaard, H.C. (1996). Drugspreven
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From the secondary school populatio
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Huizer, H. (1996). Rapport over het
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A related theme is to describe toda
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Verhulst, J. (1996). XTC kan altijd
Page 166 and 167:
Because this review is meant to giv
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170Mudde, L. (1997). ‘XTC is nog
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2) The second research was carried
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Even so it is possible to make a di
Page 174 and 175:
At the round table of social Analys
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2. Press articles regarding ecstasy
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Comas Arnau D, Velázquez Andrés J
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182estimulantes. p. 111-29.Salazar
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to the middle and upper classes. Th
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The culturally sensitive poly-consu
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CONSUMERS
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stereotype, there was also the mess
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their habitual environment, without
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experiment with drugs such as heroi
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This policy is being received very
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SPECIFIC EUROPEAN PREVENTIVE CAMPAI
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The material used was a triptych, c
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establishments. This first initiati
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The latest campaign which formed pa
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NETHERLANDSIn Holland, there have b
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Don’t force yourself to be always
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preventive strategies related to ec
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Within the harm minimisation strate
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11. PREVENTION PROPOSALSPREVENTION
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implied danger), but depending on w
Page 217 and 218:
Despite the different policies on d
Page 219 and 220:
12. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY001. Abric,
Page 221 and 222:
031. Díaz, A., Barruti, M. and Don
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misuse. Addiction 89.068. Kandel, D
Page 225 and 226:
102. O’Rourke, P.J. (1985) Tune i
Page 227:
137. Ureña, M.M. and Serra, F. (19
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The interview will be semi-structur
Page 232 and 233:
♦ which subjects are the most fre
Page 235 and 236:
ANNEX 3QUESTIONNAIRE OF SOCIALREPRE
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06. Birthplace (city and country):-
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19. In the last three months, how m
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30. Have you taken any other substa
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Next sentences are about your prefe
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONSINSTRUCTIONSB
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ANNEX 4PROTOCOL TO RECRUIT THE DISC
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⇒ envelopes with stamp and addres
Page 251:
I R E F R E AIREFREA is a european
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