This classification will be used from time to time dur<strong>in</strong>g the present study when wewill need to know how some variables affects each one <strong>of</strong> the subgroups. But generallywe will use the classification <strong>of</strong> be<strong>in</strong>g consumers <strong>of</strong> <strong>ecstasy</strong> or not (control group).WAYS OF LIFE AND DRUG USENext, we will make a report <strong>of</strong> the collected data accord<strong>in</strong>g to different ways <strong>of</strong> life<strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>terviewed people. We will compare the data derived from the global samples(which means, every <strong>in</strong>dividual who answered the survey at discos <strong>and</strong> universities <strong>in</strong>the five cities) <strong>of</strong> each city, consider<strong>in</strong>g all the people who answered the questionnaire<strong>in</strong> that particular country. In order to facilitate its comprehension, we will show only thetables that we consider more <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g -<strong>of</strong>ten with a selection <strong>of</strong> the items where thedifferences can be better appreciated- <strong>and</strong> we will chose only some <strong>of</strong> the frequencies.ATTENDING BARS (%)COIMBRA MODENA NICE PALMA UTRECHTOften <strong>and</strong> very <strong>of</strong>ten 84 37,4 61,7 67,2 55,1Young <strong>in</strong>dividuals from Coimbra (84%) are the ones who attend bars morefrequently, while young <strong>in</strong>dividuals from Modena (37,4%) are on the other end.ATTENDING DISCOS (%)COIMBRA MODENA NICE PALMA UTRECHTOften <strong>and</strong> very <strong>of</strong>ten 72,5 39,6 60,2 41,1 44,5Once aga<strong>in</strong>, young people from Coimbra (72,5%) are the ones who, <strong>in</strong> our sample,more frequently attend discos <strong>and</strong>, on the other end, we f<strong>in</strong>d aga<strong>in</strong> young <strong>in</strong>dividualsfrom Modena (39,6%), although <strong>in</strong> this case, young people from Mallorca (41,1%) <strong>and</strong>Utrecht (44,5%) are closer to the Italian behaviour.ATTENDING “AFTERS” (%)COIMBRA MODENA NICE PALMA UTRECHTOften <strong>and</strong> very <strong>of</strong>ten 12,1 7,2 15,8 13,3 7Attend<strong>in</strong>g “afters”, places that open very late at night <strong>and</strong> close the follow<strong>in</strong>gmorn<strong>in</strong>g, is a habit above all for the young people <strong>in</strong> Nice, Palma de Mallorca <strong>and</strong>Coimbra, be<strong>in</strong>g less common <strong>in</strong> Modena <strong>and</strong> Utrecht samples.54
ATTENDING ‘RAVES’ (%)COIMBRA MODENA NICE PALMA UTRECHTOften <strong>and</strong> very <strong>of</strong>ten 45,2 9,5 29,6 5,9 20,3The denom<strong>in</strong>ation “rave” is neither a term, nor an event, equally <strong>in</strong>troduced <strong>in</strong>different countries. Raves <strong>of</strong>fer is different from one country to other. In somecountries, they are not up to date or there are other possibilities that make raves lessnecessary as places for meet<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> danc<strong>in</strong>g with other young people. In our study, wenotice that Nice, Utrecht <strong>and</strong> specially Coimbra show high percentages <strong>in</strong> comparisonwith other countries. In Coimbra they are two fixed raves <strong>in</strong> may <strong>and</strong> august <strong>and</strong> thanthe others depend <strong>of</strong> the organisers. Sometimes the Coimbra ravers attend party ravesorganised <strong>in</strong> neighbourhood towns. It is Palma de Mallorca the place where peopleattend less <strong>of</strong>ten “raves”.MUSICAL PREFERENCES (% on total <strong>of</strong> responses)*COIMBRA MODENA NICE PALMA. UTRECHTRock 13,9 17,9 10,1 16,7 12,9Pop 13,0 10,5 08,3 14,8 14,3House-bacalao 01,3 08,9 10,2 07,6 08,4Hardcore 04,0 05,0 05,6 03,6 01,6Hardcore-house 09,9 03,0 08,7 03,3 02,4Mellow-house 05,4 01,3 04,3 02,3 12,0Punk 02,3 05,1 02,7 05,0 04,9Salsa/merengue 04,4 04,4 04,9 06,2 02,8Heavy 03,7 03,8 01,7 05,5 03,4Melodic 04,0 01,2 04,2 06,9 4,6Hip-hop 09,7 06,3 07,3 01,9 05,9Reggae 12,2 08,4 10,4 09,9 06,9Rap 03,4 05,9 06,3 01,1 03,3Funky 03,3 10,6 08,3 06,0 08,8Others 09,4 07,5 06,9 09,0 07,7• Each <strong>in</strong>dividual could choose a maximum <strong>of</strong> five answers.This item is extremely important because we all know the close relationship amongmusic, youth <strong>and</strong> drug use. We can see “rock” <strong>and</strong> “pop” are the most popular k<strong>in</strong>ds <strong>of</strong>music for young people <strong>in</strong> different countries. Besides, “house” music occupies also aquite relevant position when we put together its different variations. House music istraditionally associated with designer drugs use, it is the most popular dance music <strong>of</strong>the 90’s.The name “acid house” comes from disc-jockeys slang. It seems that this k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong>music had its orig<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> Ibiza or Valencia, <strong>in</strong> Spa<strong>in</strong> (Guarnieri, 1997; Lyttle <strong>and</strong>55
- Page 3 and 4: ORGANISATIONS AND NATIONAL RESEARCH
- Page 5 and 6: This volume is dedicated very speci
- Page 7 and 8: PRESENTATIONIt’s a great pleasure
- Page 9 and 10: INDEXPág.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . .
- Page 11 and 12: 1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DESIGNER DRUGS,
- Page 13: the most widely used because its ef
- Page 16 and 17: All this led to the famous English
- Page 18 and 19: had used it in the preceding month.
- Page 20 and 21: had used ecstasy or a similar subst
- Page 22 and 23: school population found a prevalenc
- Page 24 and 25: isk factors among adolescents (Cala
- Page 26 and 27: make quantitative what is qualitati
- Page 28 and 29: concentrated in ecstasy use. A stud
- Page 30 and 31: the others versions but with less i
- Page 33 and 34: 3. SAMPLE DESIGN AND FIELD WORK3.1.
- Page 35 and 36: Two different methods were suggeste
- Page 37 and 38: according to drug use level. Finall
- Page 39 and 40: We came into contact with eight ind
- Page 41 and 42: 4. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUNDINTRO
- Page 43 and 44: We did not think it would be necess
- Page 45 and 46: STUDY LEVEL (% on global sample; %
- Page 47 and 48: In Utrecht, most of the young peopl
- Page 49: SUMMARYWe remind again that, in spi
- Page 54 and 55: Montagne, 1992) or Rimini, in Italy
- Page 56 and 57: RELIGION PRACTITIONER (% on global
- Page 58 and 59: It stands out the high percentage o
- Page 60 and 61: Amphetamines are often used with fr
- Page 62 and 63: In the Utrecht sample, however, alt
- Page 64 and 65: GLOBAL SAMPLE ANSWERSThe most popul
- Page 66 and 67: These data are interesting in order
- Page 68 and 69: WITH WHOM TO CONSUME ECSTASY? (In %
- Page 70 and 71: As we have already seen in other ta
- Page 73 and 74: 6. SENSATION SEEKING SCALE (SSS)6.1
- Page 75 and 76: correlation’s varies in function
- Page 77 and 78: consumers sample comprises individu
- Page 79 and 80: DISINHIBITION (DIS)Modena, Palma an
- Page 81 and 82: y the non-consumer groups. In addit
- Page 83 and 84: Once again, on the Boredom Suscepti
- Page 85: this new scale. The individuals bel
- Page 88 and 89: Still following psychoanalysis, Koh
- Page 90 and 91: seeking scale, the hypotheses for t
- Page 92 and 93: SDS results according to sexSexPunc
- Page 94 and 95: understanding and explaining realit
- Page 96 and 97: there would be two more or less dif
- Page 98 and 99: RELATION BETWEEN ECSTASY AND SEXThe
- Page 100 and 101: of medicaments. In fact, they are p
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In any case, it is true indeed that
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Well aware that these interpretatio
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with others, facilitates being able
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8.3.2. Social Representation in the
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with problems”, “the problem wi
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feel good”, “it causes euphoria
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Therefore, and taking into account
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appear in the diagram, as they have
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as one of the reasons for taking ec
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In the C diagram we see distributio
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shy people” and “escape from re
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We believe the adequate way of inte
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In the C group there are five compo
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ecause ecstasy use is connected wit
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Nowadays, three studies are being c
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can become addictive conducts and h
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therapeutic virtues that have been
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CESDIP/CNRS, Centre d’Etudes et d
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The Interior Ministry considers tha
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In spite of the methodological limi
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directed at investigating the quali
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follows; 60 % hash/marihuana, 11% e
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The results highlighted that respon
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young people interviewed considered
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In the last few years, however, in
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04) Ensuring that water is availabl
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♦ Zini G., Indagine sul consumo d
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Ossebaard, H.C. (1996). Drugspreven
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From the secondary school populatio
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Huizer, H. (1996). Rapport over het
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A related theme is to describe toda
- Page 164 and 165:
Verhulst, J. (1996). XTC kan altijd
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Because this review is meant to giv
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170Mudde, L. (1997). ‘XTC is nog
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2) The second research was carried
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Even so it is possible to make a di
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At the round table of social Analys
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2. Press articles regarding ecstasy
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Comas Arnau D, Velázquez Andrés J
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182estimulantes. p. 111-29.Salazar
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to the middle and upper classes. Th
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The culturally sensitive poly-consu
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CONSUMERS
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stereotype, there was also the mess
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their habitual environment, without
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experiment with drugs such as heroi
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This policy is being received very
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SPECIFIC EUROPEAN PREVENTIVE CAMPAI
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The material used was a triptych, c
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establishments. This first initiati
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The latest campaign which formed pa
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NETHERLANDSIn Holland, there have b
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Don’t force yourself to be always
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preventive strategies related to ec
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Within the harm minimisation strate
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11. PREVENTION PROPOSALSPREVENTION
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implied danger), but depending on w
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Despite the different policies on d
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12. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY001. Abric,
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031. Díaz, A., Barruti, M. and Don
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misuse. Addiction 89.068. Kandel, D
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102. O’Rourke, P.J. (1985) Tune i
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137. Ureña, M.M. and Serra, F. (19
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The interview will be semi-structur
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♦ which subjects are the most fre
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ANNEX 3QUESTIONNAIRE OF SOCIALREPRE
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06. Birthplace (city and country):-
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19. In the last three months, how m
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30. Have you taken any other substa
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Next sentences are about your prefe
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONSINSTRUCTIONSB
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ANNEX 4PROTOCOL TO RECRUIT THE DISC
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⇒ envelopes with stamp and addres
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I R E F R E AIREFREA is a european