These data are <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> order to know the type <strong>of</strong> market. Does it exist adiversity or a frequent change <strong>of</strong> the presentation <strong>of</strong> <strong>ecstasy</strong> <strong>in</strong> the market?. These datashow us that Utrecht is the place with the greater stability <strong>in</strong> the presentation <strong>of</strong> <strong>ecstasy</strong>.In this city, 58,7% has only taken one form <strong>of</strong> <strong>ecstasy</strong> pills. Palma de Mallorca <strong>and</strong>Coimbra are the cities with the highest changes.IMPORTANCE GIVEN BY THE CONSUMERS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OFTHE PILLS COMPOSITION (<strong>in</strong> %)COIMBRA MODENA NICE PALMA UTRECHTIt does not matter 18,9 45,3 16,6 33,1 14,2I’d like to know,but I take it anyway 65,7 11,5 53,8 55,4 58,5If I don’t know the composition,I prefer not to take them. 15,4 43,2 29,7 11,4 27,3The Palma de Mallorca users are the less <strong>in</strong>terested <strong>in</strong> know<strong>in</strong>g the exact content <strong>of</strong>the <strong>ecstasy</strong> pills. Someth<strong>in</strong>g similar happens <strong>in</strong> Coimbra. The sample from Nice <strong>and</strong>Utrecht follow a parallel behaviour, <strong>and</strong> among them, 30% <strong>of</strong> the answers affirm that ifthey do not know the composition <strong>of</strong> a pill they prefer not to take it, which does notexactly mean they will not take it at the end.The results correspond<strong>in</strong>g to the Modena’s sample can look contradictory because theyare very polarised. Half <strong>of</strong> the sample do not bother at all which is the composition <strong>of</strong> tablets<strong>and</strong> the other half looks quite worried about it. A possible explanation <strong>of</strong> this behaviourcould be that at the same time that was done the field work there was a big preventivecampaign <strong>in</strong> that Italian region very centred <strong>in</strong> the question <strong>of</strong> the pills composition.The results <strong>in</strong> this Table would seem to <strong>in</strong>dicate the scant <strong>in</strong>terest shownspontaneously by young people <strong>in</strong> the composition <strong>of</strong> the tables, <strong>and</strong> this should betaken <strong>in</strong>to account <strong>in</strong> those campaigns that lay great emphasis on this aspect. Theseresults would co<strong>in</strong>cide with the idea that, <strong>in</strong> general, young people do not look for atablet with a specific chemical composition. They are not buy<strong>in</strong>g MDMA, they arebuy<strong>in</strong>g “<strong>ecstasy</strong>” with is a much broader th<strong>in</strong>g but, at the same time, one that theyunderst<strong>and</strong> better than a simple chemical formula. These young people buy thesubstance to enjoy their night out <strong>and</strong> are conv<strong>in</strong>ced that the goods they buy, whatevertheir composition, will help them to achieve it.AGE OF THE FIRST USE (In years)COIMBRA MODENA NICE PALMA UTRECHTMean 21,30 18,28 20,88 18,94 21,45Median 2100, 1800, 2000, 1800, 2100,St<strong>and</strong>ard Deviation. 02,50 03,12 04,58 03,76 04,15Huber M-Estimator 21,11 18,06 19,99 18,39 20,9468
Both the mean <strong>and</strong> the Huber M-Estimator (which is the best way <strong>of</strong> calculat<strong>in</strong>gmeans when there is a great data dispersion) place the first consumption between 18 <strong>and</strong>21 years old. The samples <strong>of</strong> Palma de Mallorca <strong>and</strong> Modena start earlier <strong>and</strong> thesamples <strong>of</strong> Coimbra <strong>and</strong> Utrecht, later. A possible explanation could be the fact that themean age <strong>of</strong> the samples <strong>of</strong> Coimbra <strong>and</strong> Utrecht is higher.From these results, with a relatively late average <strong>in</strong>itiation age, we can deduce thatthis type <strong>of</strong> drugs is not the first illegal drug used, a position which is, undoubtedly, stilloccupied by cannabis.FAVOURITE DAYS FOR USING ECSTASY (In %)COIMBRA MODENA NICE PALMA UTRECHTWeekends 90,1 72,1 74,8 90,7 77,9From Monday to Thursday 01,4 03,3 03,1 01,2 00,6Any day <strong>of</strong> the week 08,5 24,6 22,1 080, 21,5The consumption is higher on the weekends <strong>in</strong> every sample, <strong>and</strong> that seems logicalif we th<strong>in</strong>k it is considered basically a drug <strong>of</strong> recreational use. However, we have topo<strong>in</strong>t out that Modena (24,6%), Nice (22,1%) <strong>and</strong> Utrecht (21,5) have relatively highpercentages <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals who use <strong>ecstasy</strong> any day <strong>of</strong> the week. The case <strong>of</strong> Modenacan probably be expla<strong>in</strong>ed, s<strong>in</strong>ce it is a sample that shows <strong>in</strong> different tables a highmisuse potential. In the case <strong>of</strong> the samples <strong>of</strong> Nice <strong>and</strong> Utrecht, may be we can th<strong>in</strong>kthat an important part <strong>of</strong> the use is not anymore l<strong>in</strong>ked to the weekend recreationalscene. In Palma de Mallorca <strong>and</strong> Coimbra the use is quite clearly recreational.NUMBER OF PILLS CONSUMED PER OCCASIONCOIMBRA MODENA NICE PALMA UTRECHT1/4 <strong>of</strong> a pill 060, 01,4 05,4 03,51/4 <strong>of</strong> a pill 13,4 150, 34,2 19,2 240,1 pill 51,4 41,4 37,7 29,9 39,22 pills 33,1 24,8 17,8 27,5 26,9Between 3 <strong>and</strong> 4 pills 02,1 10,5 05,5 07,8 05,3More than 4 pills 02,3 03,4 10,2 01,2The consumption <strong>of</strong> one or two pills is the most frequent among the differentsamples <strong>of</strong> this study. Palma de Mallorca is the city with the highest frequency (10,2%)<strong>of</strong> consumers who take more than 4 pills every time they consume, be<strong>in</strong>g also high <strong>in</strong>this city sample the use <strong>of</strong> between 3 <strong>and</strong> 4 pills (7,8%). In this town, <strong>and</strong> also <strong>in</strong>Modena <strong>and</strong> Nice, we can observe an important tendency to abuse <strong>in</strong> terms <strong>of</strong> pillstaken <strong>in</strong> every occasion.Coimbra <strong>and</strong> Utrecht are the towns where people tend less to abuse. There are fewpeople hav<strong>in</strong>g more than two pills a time.69
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ORGANISATIONS AND NATIONAL RESEARCH
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This volume is dedicated very speci
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PRESENTATIONIt’s a great pleasure
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INDEXPág.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . .
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1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DESIGNER DRUGS,
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the most widely used because its ef
- Page 16 and 17: All this led to the famous English
- Page 18 and 19: had used it in the preceding month.
- Page 20 and 21: had used ecstasy or a similar subst
- Page 22 and 23: school population found a prevalenc
- Page 24 and 25: isk factors among adolescents (Cala
- Page 26 and 27: make quantitative what is qualitati
- Page 28 and 29: concentrated in ecstasy use. A stud
- Page 30 and 31: the others versions but with less i
- Page 33 and 34: 3. SAMPLE DESIGN AND FIELD WORK3.1.
- Page 35 and 36: Two different methods were suggeste
- Page 37 and 38: according to drug use level. Finall
- Page 39 and 40: We came into contact with eight ind
- Page 41 and 42: 4. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUNDINTRO
- Page 43 and 44: We did not think it would be necess
- Page 45 and 46: STUDY LEVEL (% on global sample; %
- Page 47 and 48: In Utrecht, most of the young peopl
- Page 49: SUMMARYWe remind again that, in spi
- Page 52 and 53: This classification will be used fr
- Page 54 and 55: Montagne, 1992) or Rimini, in Italy
- Page 56 and 57: RELIGION PRACTITIONER (% on global
- Page 58 and 59: It stands out the high percentage o
- Page 60 and 61: Amphetamines are often used with fr
- Page 62 and 63: In the Utrecht sample, however, alt
- Page 64 and 65: GLOBAL SAMPLE ANSWERSThe most popul
- Page 68 and 69: WITH WHOM TO CONSUME ECSTASY? (In %
- Page 70 and 71: As we have already seen in other ta
- Page 73 and 74: 6. SENSATION SEEKING SCALE (SSS)6.1
- Page 75 and 76: correlation’s varies in function
- Page 77 and 78: consumers sample comprises individu
- Page 79 and 80: DISINHIBITION (DIS)Modena, Palma an
- Page 81 and 82: y the non-consumer groups. In addit
- Page 83 and 84: Once again, on the Boredom Suscepti
- Page 85: this new scale. The individuals bel
- Page 88 and 89: Still following psychoanalysis, Koh
- Page 90 and 91: seeking scale, the hypotheses for t
- Page 92 and 93: SDS results according to sexSexPunc
- Page 94 and 95: understanding and explaining realit
- Page 96 and 97: there would be two more or less dif
- Page 98 and 99: RELATION BETWEEN ECSTASY AND SEXThe
- Page 100 and 101: of medicaments. In fact, they are p
- Page 102 and 103: In any case, it is true indeed that
- Page 104 and 105: Well aware that these interpretatio
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- Page 108 and 109: 8.3.2. Social Representation in the
- Page 110 and 111: with problems”, “the problem wi
- Page 112 and 113: feel good”, “it causes euphoria
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appear in the diagram, as they have
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as one of the reasons for taking ec
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In the C diagram we see distributio
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shy people” and “escape from re
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We believe the adequate way of inte
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In the C group there are five compo
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ecause ecstasy use is connected wit
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Nowadays, three studies are being c
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can become addictive conducts and h
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therapeutic virtues that have been
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CESDIP/CNRS, Centre d’Etudes et d
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The Interior Ministry considers tha
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In spite of the methodological limi
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directed at investigating the quali
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follows; 60 % hash/marihuana, 11% e
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The results highlighted that respon
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young people interviewed considered
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In the last few years, however, in
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04) Ensuring that water is availabl
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♦ Zini G., Indagine sul consumo d
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Ossebaard, H.C. (1996). Drugspreven
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From the secondary school populatio
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Huizer, H. (1996). Rapport over het
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A related theme is to describe toda
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Verhulst, J. (1996). XTC kan altijd
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Because this review is meant to giv
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170Mudde, L. (1997). ‘XTC is nog
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2) The second research was carried
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Even so it is possible to make a di
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At the round table of social Analys
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2. Press articles regarding ecstasy
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Comas Arnau D, Velázquez Andrés J
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182estimulantes. p. 111-29.Salazar
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to the middle and upper classes. Th
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The culturally sensitive poly-consu
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CONSUMERS
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stereotype, there was also the mess
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their habitual environment, without
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experiment with drugs such as heroi
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This policy is being received very
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SPECIFIC EUROPEAN PREVENTIVE CAMPAI
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The material used was a triptych, c
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establishments. This first initiati
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The latest campaign which formed pa
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NETHERLANDSIn Holland, there have b
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Don’t force yourself to be always
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preventive strategies related to ec
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Within the harm minimisation strate
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11. PREVENTION PROPOSALSPREVENTION
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implied danger), but depending on w
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Despite the different policies on d
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12. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY001. Abric,
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031. Díaz, A., Barruti, M. and Don
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misuse. Addiction 89.068. Kandel, D
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102. O’Rourke, P.J. (1985) Tune i
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137. Ureña, M.M. and Serra, F. (19
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The interview will be semi-structur
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♦ which subjects are the most fre
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ANNEX 3QUESTIONNAIRE OF SOCIALREPRE
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06. Birthplace (city and country):-
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19. In the last three months, how m
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30. Have you taken any other substa
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Next sentences are about your prefe
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONSINSTRUCTIONSB
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ANNEX 4PROTOCOL TO RECRUIT THE DISC
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⇒ envelopes with stamp and addres
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I R E F R E AIREFREA is a european