Characteristics and social representation of ecstasy in Europe - Irefrea

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Nowadays, three studies are being carried out in France:Two studies financed by “l’ Observatoire Français des Drogues et desToxicomanies” (OFDT) started in March, 1997, in the area of Paris-Lille and Bordeaux,directed by the C.E.I.D. (Centre d’Etude et d’Information sur la Drogue-Centre duParlament Saint Pierre, 24 rue du Parlament Saint Pierre - 33000 Bordeaux -Tel.0556448486 - Responsible: Jean Michel DELISLE) and the I.R.E.P. (Institut deRecherches en Epidémiologie de la Pharmacodépendance - 34 rue Jean Cottin - 75018Paris - Tel. 0146071029 - Responsible: Rodolph INDOLD).In Bordeaux, the study is carried out with data collected from an “exchange syringebus”, from a hundred drug users who usually go to the “ Centre du Parlament SaintPierre”, or directly found by professionals of the centre or by “informers” of any of theplaces studied in the research (seven night-parties in the centre of Bordeaux -three ofthem official- organised by music shops, a private night-party in the centre of Bordeaux,two “wild” parties in the outskirts of Bordeaux). The first results show a youngpopulation (80% < 25 years old), more than 30% often go to raves, 80% associate tothis the use of drugs, 81% appreciate their effects and consume in order to try (73%),just 20% consider ecstasy sometimes has negative effects…In Paris and Lille, data are collected from 163 individuals recruited with thesnowball technique, in many different places and establishments, but, above all, in adisco at the frontier, near Lille. The aim of the study is to describe consumption, waysof life of drug users and groups (raves, discos, gay circles, nomads, sound system…Afirst observation is that ecstasy, in the raves and discos that have been visited, isnothing but a product among others, used by a young population (mean age is 26 yearsold), with a certain representation of women (37%), socially integrated (45% receivinga salary, 33% students, 20% liberal professions, having finished university studies…).Both reports have to be sent to the O.F.D.T. at the end of the year.Another project, prepared by Médecins du Monde (MDM- Espace Parmentier, 62bis, Av. Parmentier- 75011 PARIS- Tel. 0143148161- Responsible: Christian SUEURand Bertrand LEBEAU), within their programme of drug addiction risks reduction, isentitled Research-Strategy-Prevention: new drugs, new uses- Ecstasy, LSD anddance-pills. It carries out three different strategies in parallel: prevention, research andsanitary assistance, in three raves a month in high season (summer 1997 and 1998) andtwo raves a month in low season, in the Ile of France, Midi-Pyrénées, Lyon, Strasbourg,Nice, Montpellier… at the same time.There are two books that quite explain this phenomenon: E as Ecstasy by N.SAUNDERS” (Paris- Ed. Lézard, 1996), translated from English and published inFrance in 1996, and more recently Raver by Astrid FONTAINE and CarolineFONTANA (Paris, Anthropos, Coll. Poche Ethno-Sociologie, October 1996) who writethe following:“For all those who regularly “go out”, rave has a sense, a particular spirit. If welisten to them, it is not a question of violence or destruction, but of celebrations,132
delirious music and dance, a question of feeling well and magical pills, smiles, meetings(…) everything seems to turn on “getting into the party” or not, with or without anydrug…”.Nevertheless, to take psychotropics “like in certain traditional religious initiations”,is often indispensable and “seeks to break the social personality”, to break ordinaryreality, to “travel”, explain the authors in their book. For both of them, the first,researcher in the laboratory of social dances, the second, ethnologist, “in the return totrance-celebrations” we see the opposition to a culture that supports all the ideologiesone does not believe anymore(…). Ravers try to escape from the world of rules andvalues and to get out of themselves, away from everything that conditions them. Tranceis a way, the end of censures gives way to a clear conscience. This integratedexperience, could become a rite of passage”.“Integrated” prevention strategies for ecstasy use should take into account this book“Raver”, full of interesting observations and thoughts, especially its analysis of technomusic, which allows a constructive understanding of this “‘wild celebration, ‘out ofculture’, that mixes symbols, times, religions, exalts utopian factors (...). The Techno,beyond its celebrations, would end into a global “techno” culture, going together withthe myths of our age. And so, ”ravers” risk to be recaptured by the society they aretrying to run away from. A society of appearances, lies, consume, that as soon as takingthe control of raves, would bring stereotyped attitudes and transform them intoregulated celebrations without “spirit”. And nothing would remain of raves but theirname”.Must prevention strategies of the Public Administration contribute to this process ofstandardisation?This kind of drug starts to appear in medical literature at the beginning of thenineties, when the first medical and psychological problems arise. (SUEUR C.Psychotropic drugs in Soins psychiatriques, 1991, 545). In 1994, a number of the“Revue documentaire du réseau de documentation spécialisé Toxibase” was dedicatedto ecstasy and pointed out the international literature on the subject (ANGEL P.Ecstasy, Toxibase, Revue Documentaire, 1994, 2, 1-10).Later, R. CAMMAS, psychiatrist of the Marmottan hospital, studied ecstasy in hisdoctorate thesis, in October 1995 (R. CAMMAS: Ecstasy: a new drug. Frompharmacology to Dream. Thesis of doctorate in Medicine. Paris, 1995). The same year,a collective article by A. TRAGUI, GHYSEL J.H., KINTZ P., MANGIN P., entitledEcstasy, Eve, speed…the new stimulants of vigilance and love, was published in leJournal de Médecine Légale, Droit Médical, 1995. The following year, a group ofpractitioners, D. TOUZEAU and others, wrote: Ecstasy: myth and reality, in La Revuedu Praticien, Médecine Libérale (April, 1996).In this same year, it was published a special number of the Revue Interdépendance:Ecstasy (September-October 1996). Finally, L’Express published a dossier: Thedangerous passions (From heroine to hashish: refusing to hierarchize the pleasures that133
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ORGANISATIONS AND NATIONAL RESEARCH
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This volume is dedicated very speci
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PRESENTATIONIt’s a great pleasure
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INDEXPág.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . .
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1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DESIGNER DRUGS,
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the most widely used because its ef
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All this led to the famous English
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had used it in the preceding month.
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had used ecstasy or a similar subst
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school population found a prevalenc
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isk factors among adolescents (Cala
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make quantitative what is qualitati
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concentrated in ecstasy use. A stud
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the others versions but with less i
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3. SAMPLE DESIGN AND FIELD WORK3.1.
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Two different methods were suggeste
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according to drug use level. Finall
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We came into contact with eight ind
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4. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUNDINTRO
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We did not think it would be necess
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STUDY LEVEL (% on global sample; %
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In Utrecht, most of the young peopl
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SUMMARYWe remind again that, in spi
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This classification will be used fr
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Montagne, 1992) or Rimini, in Italy
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RELIGION PRACTITIONER (% on global
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It stands out the high percentage o
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Amphetamines are often used with fr
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In the Utrecht sample, however, alt
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GLOBAL SAMPLE ANSWERSThe most popul
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These data are interesting in order
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WITH WHOM TO CONSUME ECSTASY? (In %
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As we have already seen in other ta
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6. SENSATION SEEKING SCALE (SSS)6.1
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correlation’s varies in function
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consumers sample comprises individu
Page 79 and 80: DISINHIBITION (DIS)Modena, Palma an
Page 81 and 82: y the non-consumer groups. In addit
Page 83 and 84: Once again, on the Boredom Suscepti
Page 85: this new scale. The individuals bel
Page 88 and 89: Still following psychoanalysis, Koh
Page 90 and 91: seeking scale, the hypotheses for t
Page 92 and 93: SDS results according to sexSexPunc
Page 94 and 95: understanding and explaining realit
Page 96 and 97: there would be two more or less dif
Page 98 and 99: RELATION BETWEEN ECSTASY AND SEXThe
Page 100 and 101: of medicaments. In fact, they are p
Page 102 and 103: In any case, it is true indeed that
Page 104 and 105: Well aware that these interpretatio
Page 106 and 107: with others, facilitates being able
Page 108 and 109: 8.3.2. Social Representation in the
Page 110 and 111: with problems”, “the problem wi
Page 112 and 113: feel good”, “it causes euphoria
Page 114 and 115: Therefore, and taking into account
Page 116 and 117: appear in the diagram, as they have
Page 118 and 119: as one of the reasons for taking ec
Page 120 and 121: In the C diagram we see distributio
Page 122 and 123: shy people” and “escape from re
Page 124 and 125: We believe the adequate way of inte
Page 126 and 127: In the C group there are five compo
Page 128 and 129: ecause ecstasy use is connected wit
Page 132 and 133: can become addictive conducts and h
Page 134 and 135: therapeutic virtues that have been
Page 136 and 137: CESDIP/CNRS, Centre d’Etudes et d
Page 138 and 139: The Interior Ministry considers tha
Page 140 and 141: In spite of the methodological limi
Page 142 and 143: directed at investigating the quali
Page 144 and 145: follows; 60 % hash/marihuana, 11% e
Page 146 and 147: The results highlighted that respon
Page 148 and 149: young people interviewed considered
Page 150 and 151: In the last few years, however, in
Page 152 and 153: 04) Ensuring that water is availabl
Page 154 and 155: ♦ Zini G., Indagine sul consumo d
Page 156 and 157: Ossebaard, H.C. (1996). Drugspreven
Page 158 and 159: From the secondary school populatio
Page 160 and 161: Huizer, H. (1996). Rapport over het
Page 162 and 163: A related theme is to describe toda
Page 164 and 165: Verhulst, J. (1996). XTC kan altijd
Page 166 and 167: Because this review is meant to giv
Page 168 and 169: 170Mudde, L. (1997). ‘XTC is nog
Page 170 and 171: 2) The second research was carried
Page 172 and 173: Even so it is possible to make a di
Page 174 and 175: At the round table of social Analys
Page 176 and 177: 2. Press articles regarding ecstasy
Page 178 and 179: Comas Arnau D, Velázquez Andrés J
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182estimulantes. p. 111-29.Salazar
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to the middle and upper classes. Th
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The culturally sensitive poly-consu
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CONSUMERS
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stereotype, there was also the mess
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their habitual environment, without
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experiment with drugs such as heroi
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This policy is being received very
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SPECIFIC EUROPEAN PREVENTIVE CAMPAI
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The material used was a triptych, c
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establishments. This first initiati
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The latest campaign which formed pa
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NETHERLANDSIn Holland, there have b
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Don’t force yourself to be always
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preventive strategies related to ec
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Within the harm minimisation strate
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11. PREVENTION PROPOSALSPREVENTION
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implied danger), but depending on w
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Despite the different policies on d
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12. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY001. Abric,
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031. Díaz, A., Barruti, M. and Don
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misuse. Addiction 89.068. Kandel, D
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102. O’Rourke, P.J. (1985) Tune i
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137. Ureña, M.M. and Serra, F. (19
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The interview will be semi-structur
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♦ which subjects are the most fre
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ANNEX 3QUESTIONNAIRE OF SOCIALREPRE
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06. Birthplace (city and country):-
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19. In the last three months, how m
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30. Have you taken any other substa
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Next sentences are about your prefe
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONSINSTRUCTIONSB
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ANNEX 4PROTOCOL TO RECRUIT THE DISC
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⇒ envelopes with stamp and addres
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I R E F R E AIREFREA is a european
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