Characteristics and social representation of ecstasy in Europe - Irefrea

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seeking scale, the hypotheses for the comparison of medians through this tests were notfulfilled in every case and, therefore, in the table appear the results of the nonparametrictest of Kruskal Wallis applicable to this cases.SDS results according to towns.Punctuation SDSCoimbra 1,7148 (1,8163)Modena 1,3369 (1,5722)Nice 1,9967 (1,9636)Palma de Mallorca 1,8558 (1,8113)Utrecht 2,2361 (1,8786)K-W (p) 39,33 (0,0001)The highest punctuation corresponds, therefore, to the sample of Utrecht, followedclosely by the sample of Nice, and being the lowest punctuation the one thatcorresponds to the Modena sample. In reference to significant differences amongpunctuation of the five countries, Utrecht has a mean punctuation significantly higherthan Palma, Coimbra y Modena. Besides, the mean punctuation of Modena issignificantly lower than Nice and Palma. For that reason, in reference to the socialdeviation of the global sample, we find the highest punctuation in Utrecht and Nice, anintermediate punctuation in Palma de Mallorca and the lowest punctuation’s inCoimbra and Modena.SDS ACCORDING TO THE KIND OF SAMPLE(UNIVERSITY OR DISCO AND ECSTASY CONSUMER OR NON CONSUMER)The following table contains the results of the SDS scale on the basis of the kind ofsample, depending if they are individuals from the university sample or the discosample. So, we will continue comparing all the individuals of the five cities sampleswho compose the disco sample with the individuals who compose the universitysample, subdivided in the two possibilities of being or not ecstasy users. The differencesamong medians have been found as in the previous item and, therefore, the table resultscorrespond to the Kruskal Wallis test.SDS results according to university and disco sample.Punctuation SDSUniversity non consumer 0,9141 (1,1551)University consumer 2,4295 (1,8248)Disco non consumer 1,5571 (1,6636)Disco consumer 2,7751 (2,0631)K-W (p) 251,78 (0,0001)92
The lowest mean punctuation corresponds to the university non-consumer sample,being significantly lower than the other three groups, including disco non-consumer.Those, for their part, punctuate significantly lower than university as well as discoconsumers.Therefore, we can come to the conclusion, that university and disco individuals whouse ecstasy, have more deviant behaviours than non-consumers. And within theconsumer group, disco individuals would have more deviant behaviours than universityindividuals..SOCIAL DEVIATION SCALE RESULTS ACCORDING TO THE CONSUMERS GROUPThe punctuation of the following table correspond to the global sample punctuation(N=1.627) according to consumption groups. We would see that the total sample hasbeen divided in five groups: non-consumers (approximately half of the sample),occasional or experimental consumers, regular consumers, compulsive consumers andex-consumers.SDS results according to consumers group.Punctuation SDSNon- consumers 1,2429 (1,4727)Occasional consumers 2,6250 (1,7594)Regular consumers 2,8058 (2,1565)Compulsive consumers 3,0541 (2,6765)Ex-consumers 2,4187 (1,9261)K-W (p) 228,80 (0,0001)The punctuation of the non-consumer group is significantly lower (p=.0001) thanthe punctuation of the other four consumers groups. Among the consumers group thehighest punctuation corresponds to the compulsive consumers group and the lowest, tothe ex-consumers group, although these differences are not significant.Therefore, the results obtained through this analysis show that ecstasy nonconsumers-that we know consume less drugs and with minor frequency than ecstasyusers- have a less deviant behaviour than consumers.SOCIAL DEVIATION SCALE ACCORDING TO SEXThe following item that we analyse corresponds to the punctuation of the totalsample of individuals according to sex.93
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ORGANISATIONS AND NATIONAL RESEARCH
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This volume is dedicated very speci
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PRESENTATIONIt’s a great pleasure
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INDEXPág.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . .
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1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DESIGNER DRUGS,
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the most widely used because its ef
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All this led to the famous English
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had used it in the preceding month.
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had used ecstasy or a similar subst
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school population found a prevalenc
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isk factors among adolescents (Cala
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make quantitative what is qualitati
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concentrated in ecstasy use. A stud
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the others versions but with less i
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3. SAMPLE DESIGN AND FIELD WORK3.1.
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Two different methods were suggeste
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according to drug use level. Finall
Page 39 and 40: We came into contact with eight ind
Page 41 and 42: 4. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUNDINTRO
Page 43 and 44: We did not think it would be necess
Page 45 and 46: STUDY LEVEL (% on global sample; %
Page 47 and 48: In Utrecht, most of the young peopl
Page 49: SUMMARYWe remind again that, in spi
Page 52 and 53: This classification will be used fr
Page 54 and 55: Montagne, 1992) or Rimini, in Italy
Page 56 and 57: RELIGION PRACTITIONER (% on global
Page 58 and 59: It stands out the high percentage o
Page 60 and 61: Amphetamines are often used with fr
Page 62 and 63: In the Utrecht sample, however, alt
Page 64 and 65: GLOBAL SAMPLE ANSWERSThe most popul
Page 66 and 67: These data are interesting in order
Page 68 and 69: WITH WHOM TO CONSUME ECSTASY? (In %
Page 70 and 71: As we have already seen in other ta
Page 73 and 74: 6. SENSATION SEEKING SCALE (SSS)6.1
Page 75 and 76: correlation’s varies in function
Page 77 and 78: consumers sample comprises individu
Page 79 and 80: DISINHIBITION (DIS)Modena, Palma an
Page 81 and 82: y the non-consumer groups. In addit
Page 83 and 84: Once again, on the Boredom Suscepti
Page 85: this new scale. The individuals bel
Page 88 and 89: Still following psychoanalysis, Koh
Page 92 and 93: SDS results according to sexSexPunc
Page 94 and 95: understanding and explaining realit
Page 96 and 97: there would be two more or less dif
Page 98 and 99: RELATION BETWEEN ECSTASY AND SEXThe
Page 100 and 101: of medicaments. In fact, they are p
Page 102 and 103: In any case, it is true indeed that
Page 104 and 105: Well aware that these interpretatio
Page 106 and 107: with others, facilitates being able
Page 108 and 109: 8.3.2. Social Representation in the
Page 110 and 111: with problems”, “the problem wi
Page 112 and 113: feel good”, “it causes euphoria
Page 114 and 115: Therefore, and taking into account
Page 116 and 117: appear in the diagram, as they have
Page 118 and 119: as one of the reasons for taking ec
Page 120 and 121: In the C diagram we see distributio
Page 122 and 123: shy people” and “escape from re
Page 124 and 125: We believe the adequate way of inte
Page 126 and 127: In the C group there are five compo
Page 128 and 129: ecause ecstasy use is connected wit
Page 130 and 131: Nowadays, three studies are being c
Page 132 and 133: can become addictive conducts and h
Page 134 and 135: therapeutic virtues that have been
Page 136 and 137: CESDIP/CNRS, Centre d’Etudes et d
Page 138 and 139: The Interior Ministry considers tha
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In spite of the methodological limi
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directed at investigating the quali
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follows; 60 % hash/marihuana, 11% e
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The results highlighted that respon
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young people interviewed considered
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In the last few years, however, in
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04) Ensuring that water is availabl
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♦ Zini G., Indagine sul consumo d
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Ossebaard, H.C. (1996). Drugspreven
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From the secondary school populatio
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Huizer, H. (1996). Rapport over het
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A related theme is to describe toda
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Verhulst, J. (1996). XTC kan altijd
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Because this review is meant to giv
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170Mudde, L. (1997). ‘XTC is nog
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2) The second research was carried
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Even so it is possible to make a di
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At the round table of social Analys
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2. Press articles regarding ecstasy
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Comas Arnau D, Velázquez Andrés J
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182estimulantes. p. 111-29.Salazar
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to the middle and upper classes. Th
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The culturally sensitive poly-consu
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CONSUMERS
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stereotype, there was also the mess
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their habitual environment, without
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experiment with drugs such as heroi
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This policy is being received very
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SPECIFIC EUROPEAN PREVENTIVE CAMPAI
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The material used was a triptych, c
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establishments. This first initiati
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The latest campaign which formed pa
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NETHERLANDSIn Holland, there have b
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Don’t force yourself to be always
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preventive strategies related to ec
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Within the harm minimisation strate
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11. PREVENTION PROPOSALSPREVENTION
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implied danger), but depending on w
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Despite the different policies on d
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12. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY001. Abric,
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031. Díaz, A., Barruti, M. and Don
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misuse. Addiction 89.068. Kandel, D
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102. O’Rourke, P.J. (1985) Tune i
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137. Ureña, M.M. and Serra, F. (19
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The interview will be semi-structur
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♦ which subjects are the most fre
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ANNEX 3QUESTIONNAIRE OF SOCIALREPRE
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06. Birthplace (city and country):-
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19. In the last three months, how m
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30. Have you taken any other substa
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Next sentences are about your prefe
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONSINSTRUCTIONSB
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ANNEX 4PROTOCOL TO RECRUIT THE DISC
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⇒ envelopes with stamp and addres
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I R E F R E AIREFREA is a european
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