Characteristics and social representation of ecstasy in Europe - Irefrea

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2. Press articles regarding ecstasyOf the press articles collected, the majority are about police operations and twoabout health, although one of the latter appears in the society sectionThe oldest article is of the year 1.994, and in it is discussed a judgement that raiseda controversy as ecstasy was considered as a soft drug not harmful to health. Asrepresentative of the favourable position to ecstasy, the name of Alexander Shulgin ismentioned. On the opponents’ side, basically we find the authorities and British media.On the bottom of the same page, there appears an interview with Alexander Shulgin,in which he defends ecstasy as an “effective and benign drug” and recommends it fortherapeutic use.In the articles about police operations, the increase of ecstasy confiscation isemphasised, which concludes that the consumption of these drugs is on the rise.The articles about health raise the subject of the negative effects: “malignanthyperthermic syndrome”, “hepatitis by ecstasy” and toxicity, and the contents of thepills (with each new confiscation, the pills are more blended).Once again the issues of new forms of consumption and new substances, appearalthough in none does there appear the consumer of ecstasy alone. With reference tothese new patterns, it is worthwhile to point out the following quote:“With the information that we have available at the present time, the termdependence is not acceptable for the amphetaminic drugs” assured yesterday Luis Sanz,investigator of the health complex Benito Menni...”they present other types of problemsrelated to their toxicity such as accidents and the organic effects” (El País, 1997)In conclusion, it appears that drugs occupy an important place in the crime sectionsof newspapers and in the courthouses more than in health, The amount of articles isminimum compared with the magnitude of the phenomenon, and in general, especiallyin the last articles, the image of ecstasy is negative, although in the interviews with“experts” they recommend caution, since the results of these new forms of consumptionand the effects of these new substances are as of yet unknown.CAMPAIGNS FOR PREVENTION: MATERIALS“Attention: Pills”, material for a secondary prevention campaign, addressed toecstasy consumers, it is recommended not to consume them, but in the event that thereis consumption, information and advice are given about its use. It is therefore in the lineof reduction of risks.“Ecstasy, the drug with an angel’s body and a devil’s soul”, an informative bookletabout the dangers of ecstasy; it contains two questionnaires, one addressed to parents,to detect the consumption by their children, and another one addressed to the youthsthemselves to make them reflect on their own consumption. It does not contain adviceabout its use, it only warns about the dangers and advises non-consumption.178
With respect to these materials, in the magazine Interdependencias nº 17(Interdependencias, 1996), materials are presented from different Spanish regions in theline of that of the ‘Junta de Andalucia’.BIBLIOGRAPHYAgencia EFE. Aprehenden en Barcelona 1.200 pastillas de la “droga del amor”.Diario de Mallorca, 1996, 28 de Abril.Agulló X. ¿De verdad sabes lo que te metes? Primera Línea. Barcelona: GrupoZeta; 1997; Julio(147). 52-57.Alonso J. Internet es laboratorio virtual para drogas de diseño. Diario de Mallorca1997;Argos L, Castelló E. El éxtasis pone en entredicho el conocimiento actual en drogasde diseño. Una sentencia de la Audiencia Nacional enfrenta a los expertos. ElPaís 1994.Asociación Abstemia. Extasis, una droga con cuerpo de ángel y alma de demonio.1997; Mallorca: Abstemia, asociación de lucha contra el alcoholismo.Ballester M, Calvo A. Projecte Jove: Resposta a l’addicció dels adolescents.Tresquarts, revista especialitzada en joventut i lleure 1997; Marzo(1):20-3.Blasco Mascaró I, Barreda Aznar A, Guevara Serrano J, López-Briz E, Marti-Bonmati E. MDMA : Revisión y puesta al día. Revista Española deDrogodependencias 1991; 16(2):91-101.Bobes J. Drogas de diseño, nuevos desafíos. 1996; Pais Vasco: Gobierno Vasco.Cabrera Bonet R. Las drogas de diseño en nuestro medio. Análisis de algunos datos.In Avances en Drogodependencias II. XX Jornadas Nacionales. Cordoba:Socidrogalcohol; 1992; . p. 211-6.Cabrera Forneiro J. El éxtasis y los tribunales de justicia. Proyecto Hombre 1997;Marzo(21):16Calafat A. and Sureda,P. “La Representación Social de las Drogas de Diseño enEuropa”. En Libro de Actas XXIV Jornadas Nacionales Socidrogalcohol.Valencia: Generalitat Valenciana; 1997,. p. 39-61.Camí Morell J. Síntesis clandestina de drogas: pasado, presente y futuro. MedicinaClínica 1990; 95:344-7.Camí J. Farmacología y Toxicidad de la MDMA (Éxtasis). Barcelona: Ediciones enNeurociencias; 1995. 5p.Camps T. Detenidos 150 menores por delitos relacionados con drogas en el 96.Diario de Mallorca 1997;Capell JM. Les drogues de disseny: el seu consum entre els joves. Fòrum, Revistad’informació i investigació socials 1996;Castellet i Sala R. Les drogues de disseny: tipus i característiques. Fòrum, Revistad’informació i investigació socials 1996;Castelló E, Argos L. El MDMA es valioso en medicina. El País 1994;Cervera R and Rivera A. Éxtasis. El País de las Tentaciones. Barcelona: 1996; 4-8.179
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ORGANISATIONS AND NATIONAL RESEARCH
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This volume is dedicated very speci
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PRESENTATIONIt’s a great pleasure
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INDEXPág.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . .
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1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DESIGNER DRUGS,
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the most widely used because its ef
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All this led to the famous English
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had used it in the preceding month.
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had used ecstasy or a similar subst
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school population found a prevalenc
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isk factors among adolescents (Cala
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make quantitative what is qualitati
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concentrated in ecstasy use. A stud
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the others versions but with less i
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3. SAMPLE DESIGN AND FIELD WORK3.1.
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Two different methods were suggeste
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according to drug use level. Finall
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We came into contact with eight ind
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4. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUNDINTRO
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We did not think it would be necess
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STUDY LEVEL (% on global sample; %
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In Utrecht, most of the young peopl
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SUMMARYWe remind again that, in spi
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This classification will be used fr
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Montagne, 1992) or Rimini, in Italy
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RELIGION PRACTITIONER (% on global
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It stands out the high percentage o
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Amphetamines are often used with fr
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In the Utrecht sample, however, alt
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GLOBAL SAMPLE ANSWERSThe most popul
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These data are interesting in order
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WITH WHOM TO CONSUME ECSTASY? (In %
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As we have already seen in other ta
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6. SENSATION SEEKING SCALE (SSS)6.1
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correlation’s varies in function
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consumers sample comprises individu
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DISINHIBITION (DIS)Modena, Palma an
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y the non-consumer groups. In addit
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Once again, on the Boredom Suscepti
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this new scale. The individuals bel
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Still following psychoanalysis, Koh
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seeking scale, the hypotheses for t
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SDS results according to sexSexPunc
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understanding and explaining realit
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there would be two more or less dif
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RELATION BETWEEN ECSTASY AND SEXThe
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of medicaments. In fact, they are p
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In any case, it is true indeed that
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Well aware that these interpretatio
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with others, facilitates being able
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8.3.2. Social Representation in the
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with problems”, “the problem wi
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feel good”, “it causes euphoria
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Therefore, and taking into account
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appear in the diagram, as they have
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as one of the reasons for taking ec
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In the C diagram we see distributio
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shy people” and “escape from re
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We believe the adequate way of inte
Page 126 and 127: In the C group there are five compo
Page 128 and 129: ecause ecstasy use is connected wit
Page 130 and 131: Nowadays, three studies are being c
Page 132 and 133: can become addictive conducts and h
Page 134 and 135: therapeutic virtues that have been
Page 136 and 137: CESDIP/CNRS, Centre d’Etudes et d
Page 138 and 139: The Interior Ministry considers tha
Page 140 and 141: In spite of the methodological limi
Page 142 and 143: directed at investigating the quali
Page 144 and 145: follows; 60 % hash/marihuana, 11% e
Page 146 and 147: The results highlighted that respon
Page 148 and 149: young people interviewed considered
Page 150 and 151: In the last few years, however, in
Page 152 and 153: 04) Ensuring that water is availabl
Page 154 and 155: ♦ Zini G., Indagine sul consumo d
Page 156 and 157: Ossebaard, H.C. (1996). Drugspreven
Page 158 and 159: From the secondary school populatio
Page 160 and 161: Huizer, H. (1996). Rapport over het
Page 162 and 163: A related theme is to describe toda
Page 164 and 165: Verhulst, J. (1996). XTC kan altijd
Page 166 and 167: Because this review is meant to giv
Page 168 and 169: 170Mudde, L. (1997). ‘XTC is nog
Page 170 and 171: 2) The second research was carried
Page 172 and 173: Even so it is possible to make a di
Page 174 and 175: At the round table of social Analys
Page 178 and 179: Comas Arnau D, Velázquez Andrés J
Page 180 and 181: 182estimulantes. p. 111-29.Salazar
Page 182 and 183: to the middle and upper classes. Th
Page 184 and 185: The culturally sensitive poly-consu
Page 186 and 187: SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CONSUMERS
Page 188 and 189: stereotype, there was also the mess
Page 190 and 191: their habitual environment, without
Page 192 and 193: experiment with drugs such as heroi
Page 194 and 195: This policy is being received very
Page 196 and 197: SPECIFIC EUROPEAN PREVENTIVE CAMPAI
Page 198 and 199: The material used was a triptych, c
Page 200 and 201: establishments. This first initiati
Page 202 and 203: The latest campaign which formed pa
Page 204 and 205: NETHERLANDSIn Holland, there have b
Page 206 and 207: Don’t force yourself to be always
Page 208 and 209: preventive strategies related to ec
Page 210 and 211: Within the harm minimisation strate
Page 213 and 214: 11. PREVENTION PROPOSALSPREVENTION
Page 215 and 216: implied danger), but depending on w
Page 217 and 218: Despite the different policies on d
Page 219 and 220: 12. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY001. Abric,
Page 221 and 222: 031. Díaz, A., Barruti, M. and Don
Page 223 and 224: misuse. Addiction 89.068. Kandel, D
Page 225 and 226: 102. O’Rourke, P.J. (1985) Tune i
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137. Ureña, M.M. and Serra, F. (19
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The interview will be semi-structur
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♦ which subjects are the most fre
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ANNEX 3QUESTIONNAIRE OF SOCIALREPRE
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06. Birthplace (city and country):-
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19. In the last three months, how m
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30. Have you taken any other substa
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Next sentences are about your prefe
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONSINSTRUCTIONSB
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ANNEX 4PROTOCOL TO RECRUIT THE DISC
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⇒ envelopes with stamp and addres
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I R E F R E AIREFREA is a european
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