Characteristics and social representation of ecstasy in Europe - Irefrea

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the others versions but with less items, 10 for each factor. These four factors, thatconstitute four subscales are (Carroll and Zuckerman, 1977):1. Thrill and Adventure Seeking (TAS): it expresses the desire of getting involved inactivities that imply danger or speed and that provide unusual sensations.2. Experience Seeking (ES): it implies the search of activity through unconventionalor non conformist life styles. It shows a need for different internal experiencesthat can be reached with trips, drugs, music, art and a not conventional style oflife. There is also some resistance to the authority.3. Disinhibition (DIS): it is a fluctuating factor, oscillatory, it includes items thatexpress hedonism, sexual promiscuity, etc.4. Boredom Susceptibility (BS) implies a displeasure for repeated experiences ofany class.The Social Deviation Scale is a scale of 10 items adapted from the FBI Uniform andCrime Report used for investigation on drug users by the Centre on Drug and AlcoholResearch of the University of Kentucky. This scale has not been validated in Europe,and has been scarcely used in investigation.• Part IV:The Social Representations Scale is a questionnaire that must be elaboratedspecifically for each study, which implies a preliminary research gathering all thoseconvictions, ideas, attitudes, etc…connected with this drug and that we find in thesocial context of the five European cities that participate in the investigation. This needof previous information to the elaboration of this questionnaire was covered during theexploratory phase. As soon as all this elements were collected, with the informationprovided by the individuals interviewed and the journalistic and professional articlesanalysis, material of prevention, etc., a twenty phrases list was elaborated. These twentyphrases form the definitive questionnaire which has to be answered selecting fourphrases blocks according to the following procedure:1. In the first block, you have to choose the sentences that seem to be closer to youridea about ecstasy.2. In the second, you have to choose among the sixteen sentences that remain, theones that have less to do with your idea about ecstasy.3. In the third block, of the 12 remaining sentences, you have to choose again theclosest to your idea about ecstasy.4. In the fourth block, of the 8 that remain, choose the furthest to your idea aboutecstasy.All this will serve to obtain two types of information:32
a) The sentences or articles chosen by each one of the different groups of the study,because of its identification with them.b) The relationships between the elements that constitute the social representation,which means the structure of the social representation. This information will beobtained from a similarity analysis, using the coefficient Tau-b of Kendall. Theanalysis of similarity measures the proximity among the analysed variables. It hasbeen used the program “Simic”, elaborated by the group of the University of Aixin Provence for the analysis of the social representations, in order to do bothanalysis and we have followed the Analysis of Similarity methodology developedby Flament (1985) and a group of researchers of the University of Aix-en-Provence for the study of social representations.33
Page 3 and 4: ORGANISATIONS AND NATIONAL RESEARCH
Page 5 and 6: This volume is dedicated very speci
Page 7 and 8: PRESENTATIONIt’s a great pleasure
Page 9 and 10: INDEXPág.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . .
Page 11 and 12: 1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DESIGNER DRUGS,
Page 13: the most widely used because its ef
Page 16 and 17: All this led to the famous English
Page 18 and 19: had used it in the preceding month.
Page 20 and 21: had used ecstasy or a similar subst
Page 22 and 23: school population found a prevalenc
Page 24 and 25: isk factors among adolescents (Cala
Page 26 and 27: make quantitative what is qualitati
Page 28 and 29: concentrated in ecstasy use. A stud
Page 33 and 34: 3. SAMPLE DESIGN AND FIELD WORK3.1.
Page 35 and 36: Two different methods were suggeste
Page 37 and 38: according to drug use level. Finall
Page 39 and 40: We came into contact with eight ind
Page 41 and 42: 4. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUNDINTRO
Page 43 and 44: We did not think it would be necess
Page 45 and 46: STUDY LEVEL (% on global sample; %
Page 47 and 48: In Utrecht, most of the young peopl
Page 49: SUMMARYWe remind again that, in spi
Page 52 and 53: This classification will be used fr
Page 54 and 55: Montagne, 1992) or Rimini, in Italy
Page 56 and 57: RELIGION PRACTITIONER (% on global
Page 58 and 59: It stands out the high percentage o
Page 60 and 61: Amphetamines are often used with fr
Page 62 and 63: In the Utrecht sample, however, alt
Page 64 and 65: GLOBAL SAMPLE ANSWERSThe most popul
Page 66 and 67: These data are interesting in order
Page 68 and 69: WITH WHOM TO CONSUME ECSTASY? (In %
Page 70 and 71: As we have already seen in other ta
Page 73 and 74: 6. SENSATION SEEKING SCALE (SSS)6.1
Page 75 and 76: correlation’s varies in function
Page 77 and 78: consumers sample comprises individu
Page 79 and 80: DISINHIBITION (DIS)Modena, Palma an
Page 81 and 82:
y the non-consumer groups. In addit
Page 83 and 84:
Once again, on the Boredom Suscepti
Page 85:
this new scale. The individuals bel
Page 88 and 89:
Still following psychoanalysis, Koh
Page 90 and 91:
seeking scale, the hypotheses for t
Page 92 and 93:
SDS results according to sexSexPunc
Page 94 and 95:
understanding and explaining realit
Page 96 and 97:
there would be two more or less dif
Page 98 and 99:
RELATION BETWEEN ECSTASY AND SEXThe
Page 100 and 101:
of medicaments. In fact, they are p
Page 102 and 103:
In any case, it is true indeed that
Page 104 and 105:
Well aware that these interpretatio
Page 106 and 107:
with others, facilitates being able
Page 108 and 109:
8.3.2. Social Representation in the
Page 110 and 111:
with problems”, “the problem wi
Page 112 and 113:
feel good”, “it causes euphoria
Page 114 and 115:
Therefore, and taking into account
Page 116 and 117:
appear in the diagram, as they have
Page 118 and 119:
as one of the reasons for taking ec
Page 120 and 121:
In the C diagram we see distributio
Page 122 and 123:
shy people” and “escape from re
Page 124 and 125:
We believe the adequate way of inte
Page 126 and 127:
In the C group there are five compo
Page 128 and 129:
ecause ecstasy use is connected wit
Page 130 and 131:
Nowadays, three studies are being c
Page 132 and 133:
can become addictive conducts and h
Page 134 and 135:
therapeutic virtues that have been
Page 136 and 137:
CESDIP/CNRS, Centre d’Etudes et d
Page 138 and 139:
The Interior Ministry considers tha
Page 140 and 141:
In spite of the methodological limi
Page 142 and 143:
directed at investigating the quali
Page 144 and 145:
follows; 60 % hash/marihuana, 11% e
Page 146 and 147:
The results highlighted that respon
Page 148 and 149:
young people interviewed considered
Page 150 and 151:
In the last few years, however, in
Page 152 and 153:
04) Ensuring that water is availabl
Page 154 and 155:
♦ Zini G., Indagine sul consumo d
Page 156 and 157:
Ossebaard, H.C. (1996). Drugspreven
Page 158 and 159:
From the secondary school populatio
Page 160 and 161:
Huizer, H. (1996). Rapport over het
Page 162 and 163:
A related theme is to describe toda
Page 164 and 165:
Verhulst, J. (1996). XTC kan altijd
Page 166 and 167:
Because this review is meant to giv
Page 168 and 169:
170Mudde, L. (1997). ‘XTC is nog
Page 170 and 171:
2) The second research was carried
Page 172 and 173:
Even so it is possible to make a di
Page 174 and 175:
At the round table of social Analys
Page 176 and 177:
2. Press articles regarding ecstasy
Page 178 and 179:
Comas Arnau D, Velázquez Andrés J
Page 180 and 181:
182estimulantes. p. 111-29.Salazar
Page 182 and 183:
to the middle and upper classes. Th
Page 184 and 185:
The culturally sensitive poly-consu
Page 186 and 187:
SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CONSUMERS
Page 188 and 189:
stereotype, there was also the mess
Page 190 and 191:
their habitual environment, without
Page 192 and 193:
experiment with drugs such as heroi
Page 194 and 195:
This policy is being received very
Page 196 and 197:
SPECIFIC EUROPEAN PREVENTIVE CAMPAI
Page 198 and 199:
The material used was a triptych, c
Page 200 and 201:
establishments. This first initiati
Page 202 and 203:
The latest campaign which formed pa
Page 204 and 205:
NETHERLANDSIn Holland, there have b
Page 206 and 207:
Don’t force yourself to be always
Page 208 and 209:
preventive strategies related to ec
Page 210 and 211:
Within the harm minimisation strate
Page 213 and 214:
11. PREVENTION PROPOSALSPREVENTION
Page 215 and 216:
implied danger), but depending on w
Page 217 and 218:
Despite the different policies on d
Page 219 and 220:
12. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY001. Abric,
Page 221 and 222:
031. Díaz, A., Barruti, M. and Don
Page 223 and 224:
misuse. Addiction 89.068. Kandel, D
Page 225 and 226:
102. O’Rourke, P.J. (1985) Tune i
Page 227:
137. Ureña, M.M. and Serra, F. (19
Page 230 and 231:
The interview will be semi-structur
Page 232 and 233:
♦ which subjects are the most fre
Page 235 and 236:
ANNEX 3QUESTIONNAIRE OF SOCIALREPRE
Page 237 and 238:
06. Birthplace (city and country):-
Page 239 and 240:
19. In the last three months, how m
Page 241 and 242:
30. Have you taken any other substa
Page 243 and 244:
Next sentences are about your prefe
Page 245 and 246:
SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONSINSTRUCTIONSB
Page 247 and 248:
ANNEX 4PROTOCOL TO RECRUIT THE DISC
Page 249 and 250:
⇒ envelopes with stamp and addres
Page 251:
I R E F R E AIREFREA is a european
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