Characteristics and social representation of ecstasy in Europe - Irefrea

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school population found a prevalence of ecstasy use of 1,2%, less than the 2,1% LSD,and 9,9% amphetamines (EMCDDA, 1997b). A 1997 survey (Meisch, 1997) of 660students between 13 and 22 years of age who went to the European network of HealthSchools -and, therefore, not representative of all students in the country- showed aprevalence of 2,12% overall and this percentage increased to 4,2% in the 18-22 yearolds, with a similar proportion of girls and boys, the frequency of use being less thanonce a month and once a week.THE NETHERLANDSRepresentative surveys of the whole country are scarce. ‘Sentinel Station Surveys’in the schools have been conducted every four years since 1984 to monitor the use ofdrugs by schoolchildren aged 12 or older at a national level during this period. Use ofecstasy was measured in 1992, for the first time, and the preceding month prevalencewas 1% and in 1996 (de Zwart et al., 1997) it was 2,2% (2,9% boys and 1,5%girls) andthe life prevalence was 5,6%Amsterdam’s population has been studied more frequently. The last report(Sandwijk et al., 1995), of a household survey on the prevalence of drug use among theAmsterdam population of 12 years and over, dates back to 1994. This is the thirdconsecutive time that the University of Amsterdam has conducted this survey. The lifeprevalence was 3,2% among the 4,308 respondents, and the preceding monthprevalence was 0,6%. In comparison with 1987 and 1990, the use of cannabis andecstasy appears to have increased. “For ecstasy, prevalence rates rose in all age groupswhere use was present but this drug has not (yet) been introduced into the youngest andhighest age groups. The increase in the other age groups is due to the large-scaleintroduction of this drug on the market. Prevalence rates rise fastest among the 20-34year olds” (Sandwijk et al., 1995).A recent research (van de Wijngaart et al., 1997) on ecstasy use among 1.121 raverstook place during 1997, conducted by Utrecht University Addiction Research Institute.The life time prevalence was 81% and the preceding night 64%, confirming the hugeconnection between raves and MDMA. This use was mainly recreational with 6% of thesample having a pattern of misuse. Only 34% drank alcohol during the raves and asimilar percentage used amphetamines. Cannabis was used by 41%.PORTUGALThere are no general population studies but the results of a school survey ESPAD(European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs) carried out during 1995on a sample of 9.774 students has just been published. In this survey, the prevalence ratefor ecstasy use was 0,54%, less than that of the other amphetamines which was 1,97%.Among boys, the proportion who had tried ecstasy rose to 0,8% and among girls itdropped to 0,34%. Other surveys of specific populations are mentioned in Chapter8.4.4. but the present survey also explores the characteristics of use by more than 30024
young people in the town of Coimbra and we can see that the sample has thecharacteristics of a population where use has emerged, in other words, where it hasfinished emerging and is now embedded.UNITED KINGDOMThe first reference on MDMA to reach a wide audience in the UK was made in anarticle published in “The Face” in 1984. In it, it referred to the use of this drug by asmall group of people who worked in the communications media, pop music world andfashion fields who travelled to the United States and brought back small amounts of thisdrug for their personal use (McDermott and Matthews, 1997). In the following twoyears, the ‘MDMA scene’ grew slowly but strongly. The English disk jockeys, andothers interested in the music and dances of the young, frequented Ibiza and othertourism centres in the Mediterranean and created a new style of music in 1986 whichwas called Balearic beat. The combination of ecstasy and night-club began to extenditself slowly from the elite in the London musical world, and by 1991, the rave scenehad become the largest juvenile subculture which Great Britain had ever known.After 1988 when the first death linked to ecstasy use was recorded, and the problemsconnected to its use increased as a logical consequence of there being more users, a greatcontroversy arose in the media and people and institutions took up their positions on thissubstance and the rave culture, a controversy which has still not ended. The relationshipbetween ecstasy and rave was very strong although, nowadays, it is not so close.The results of the 1994 survey (Ramsey and Percy, 1996), on the general populationbetween 16 and 59 years of age, on a representative sample of 14.520 people, showedthat lifetime use was 2% which increased to 6% in the 16-29 year old group, with a 1%use in the preceding month. In a survey conducted in 1995, (Health EducationAuthority, 1996) on a broad sample of 5.020 people from 11 to 35 years of age, 28%had been offered ecstasy and life prevalence was 7% (9% men and 5% women), and thepreceding month prevalence was 1%. Said use is connected most of all to clubs (65%),raves (51%) and parties (43%).In the Group Pompidou survey (Miller and Plant, 1996) which studied the use ofdrugs among the student population of European countries, it showed that on a sampleof 7,722 students in the 15 to 16 age group, 9,2% of the boys and 7,3% of the girls hadused ecstasy at some time.1.3. OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCHThe context of this research lies within the scope of IREFREA, a European networkof experts on drug addiction prevention and research, set up in 1988. Prior to thisresearch, IREFREA had already carried out certain investigations into drug addiction25
Page 3 and 4: ORGANISATIONS AND NATIONAL RESEARCH
Page 5 and 6: This volume is dedicated very speci
Page 7 and 8: PRESENTATIONIt’s a great pleasure
Page 9 and 10: INDEXPág.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . .
Page 11 and 12: 1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DESIGNER DRUGS,
Page 13: the most widely used because its ef
Page 16 and 17: All this led to the famous English
Page 18 and 19: had used it in the preceding month.
Page 20 and 21: had used ecstasy or a similar subst
Page 24 and 25: isk factors among adolescents (Cala
Page 26 and 27: make quantitative what is qualitati
Page 28 and 29: concentrated in ecstasy use. A stud
Page 30 and 31: the others versions but with less i
Page 33 and 34: 3. SAMPLE DESIGN AND FIELD WORK3.1.
Page 35 and 36: Two different methods were suggeste
Page 37 and 38: according to drug use level. Finall
Page 39 and 40: We came into contact with eight ind
Page 41 and 42: 4. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUNDINTRO
Page 43 and 44: We did not think it would be necess
Page 45 and 46: STUDY LEVEL (% on global sample; %
Page 47 and 48: In Utrecht, most of the young peopl
Page 49: SUMMARYWe remind again that, in spi
Page 52 and 53: This classification will be used fr
Page 54 and 55: Montagne, 1992) or Rimini, in Italy
Page 56 and 57: RELIGION PRACTITIONER (% on global
Page 58 and 59: It stands out the high percentage o
Page 60 and 61: Amphetamines are often used with fr
Page 62 and 63: In the Utrecht sample, however, alt
Page 64 and 65: GLOBAL SAMPLE ANSWERSThe most popul
Page 66 and 67: These data are interesting in order
Page 68 and 69: WITH WHOM TO CONSUME ECSTASY? (In %
Page 70 and 71: As we have already seen in other ta
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6. SENSATION SEEKING SCALE (SSS)6.1
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correlation’s varies in function
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consumers sample comprises individu
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DISINHIBITION (DIS)Modena, Palma an
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y the non-consumer groups. In addit
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Once again, on the Boredom Suscepti
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this new scale. The individuals bel
Page 88 and 89:
Still following psychoanalysis, Koh
Page 90 and 91:
seeking scale, the hypotheses for t
Page 92 and 93:
SDS results according to sexSexPunc
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understanding and explaining realit
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there would be two more or less dif
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RELATION BETWEEN ECSTASY AND SEXThe
Page 100 and 101:
of medicaments. In fact, they are p
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In any case, it is true indeed that
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Well aware that these interpretatio
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with others, facilitates being able
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8.3.2. Social Representation in the
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with problems”, “the problem wi
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feel good”, “it causes euphoria
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Therefore, and taking into account
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appear in the diagram, as they have
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as one of the reasons for taking ec
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In the C diagram we see distributio
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shy people” and “escape from re
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We believe the adequate way of inte
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In the C group there are five compo
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ecause ecstasy use is connected wit
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Nowadays, three studies are being c
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can become addictive conducts and h
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therapeutic virtues that have been
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CESDIP/CNRS, Centre d’Etudes et d
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The Interior Ministry considers tha
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In spite of the methodological limi
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directed at investigating the quali
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follows; 60 % hash/marihuana, 11% e
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The results highlighted that respon
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young people interviewed considered
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In the last few years, however, in
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04) Ensuring that water is availabl
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♦ Zini G., Indagine sul consumo d
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Ossebaard, H.C. (1996). Drugspreven
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From the secondary school populatio
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Huizer, H. (1996). Rapport over het
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A related theme is to describe toda
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Verhulst, J. (1996). XTC kan altijd
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Because this review is meant to giv
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170Mudde, L. (1997). ‘XTC is nog
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2) The second research was carried
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Even so it is possible to make a di
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At the round table of social Analys
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2. Press articles regarding ecstasy
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Comas Arnau D, Velázquez Andrés J
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182estimulantes. p. 111-29.Salazar
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to the middle and upper classes. Th
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The culturally sensitive poly-consu
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CONSUMERS
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stereotype, there was also the mess
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their habitual environment, without
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experiment with drugs such as heroi
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This policy is being received very
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SPECIFIC EUROPEAN PREVENTIVE CAMPAI
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The material used was a triptych, c
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establishments. This first initiati
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The latest campaign which formed pa
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NETHERLANDSIn Holland, there have b
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Don’t force yourself to be always
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preventive strategies related to ec
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Within the harm minimisation strate
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11. PREVENTION PROPOSALSPREVENTION
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implied danger), but depending on w
Page 217 and 218:
Despite the different policies on d
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12. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY001. Abric,
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031. Díaz, A., Barruti, M. and Don
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misuse. Addiction 89.068. Kandel, D
Page 225 and 226:
102. O’Rourke, P.J. (1985) Tune i
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137. Ureña, M.M. and Serra, F. (19
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The interview will be semi-structur
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♦ which subjects are the most fre
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ANNEX 3QUESTIONNAIRE OF SOCIALREPRE
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06. Birthplace (city and country):-
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19. In the last three months, how m
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30. Have you taken any other substa
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Next sentences are about your prefe
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONSINSTRUCTIONSB
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ANNEX 4PROTOCOL TO RECRUIT THE DISC
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⇒ envelopes with stamp and addres
Page 251:
I R E F R E AIREFREA is a european
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Characteristics and social representation of ecstasy in Europe - Irefrea

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