Characteristics and social representation of ecstasy in Europe - Irefrea

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Ossebaard, H.C. (1996). Drugspreventie en illegaliteit. Tijdschrift GezondheidsVoorlichting, 13, 6, p.19-21.Ossebaard, H., N. Maalsté (1997). De dans om de pil. 0/25, 4, p.28-32.van Ree, J.M. (1995). De farmacologie van verslaving. Nederlands Tijdschrift voorGeneeskunde, 139, 50, p.2610-2613.van Roon, E.N., M.G. Pelders, A.C.G. Egberts (1997). Nieuwe trends indrugsgebruik onder jongeren. Pharmaceutisch Weekblad, 132, 14, p.447-452.Vollaard, H. (1997). XTC. Een heel prettig, ontspannend middel. Pan ForumAmsterdam, 5, p.2-5.EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIESEpidemiological studies are scarce. The most recent social-epidemiological study onecstasy use is done by the Utrecht University Addiction Research Institute/cVo(Wijngaart et al., 1997). An English version of the report will be available by the endof 1997. Information about the activities and references of the cVo can be found at:www.fsw.ruu.nl\cvo.In the cVo-study 1121 ravers have been interviewed extensively (30 - 150 minutesmain interview and 5 - 20 minutes follow-up interview) on ten different large scaleraves. In addition several other research methods (like observations, indepht -interviewsand urine samples) were used to verify and interpret the self-reported data. In this studyone focused on the rave scene, which means that the numbers can’t be generalised tothe Dutch youth.From this study we know that the greater part of party-goers uses ecstasy, but mostof them do this in recreative way (6% uses in an excessive way).Frequency ecstasy use (van deFREQUENCY OF ECSTASY USE Wijngaart et al., 1997).4206%: EXCESSIVE (more than once a week)03%: EX-USER (didn't use last year)42%: REGULAR (more than once a month)49%: RECREATIVE (at the most once a month)6349In the main interview therespondents were asked if they usedseveral substances ever, last year andin the last three months. In thefollow-up interview at the end of thenight they were asked whatsubstances they used that particularnight. It became obvious that quite alarge group of the respondents hadused one or more substances duringthe night: 34% drank alcohol, 75%smoked tobacco, 64% used ecstasy,41% smoked cannabis and 34% usedamphetamines.Remarkable was that although 91%of the population had ever used158
alcohol, only a third drunk alcohol on the particular night. Ten percent of therespondents didn’t take any drug at the party and another ten percent only smokedtobacco. The incidence prevalence in this study -which are quite high- should be judgedin the nature of the use. Therefore a great part of the report contains qualitative dataabout the nature of the use of amphetamines and ecstasy.Both ecstasy and amphetamines are used with intervals. Also the dynamics resemblefor both drugs: in the first year(s) the use increases until a turn is reached and thefrequency of the use decreases again. In time the use of amphetamines often comes toa stand still and the use of ecstasy is stabilised to a recreational level. Furthermore it isapparent that the majority of the respondents don’t have any problems or symptoms atthe end of the night. Few people bring a visit to the First Aid post. The circumstancesat raves hardly lead to physical or other symptoms. Relative few partygoers run risksand report symptoms in the short term from ecstasy use at raves.Another study is done in the Southern Netherlands (Hoebe & Jansen, 1997). Theyinterviewed 4000 disco-visitors on ecstasy use when they left the disco in Novemberand December 1996. The interviews lasted about five minutes. They had a responserateof 94% (which is very high). From this study we learn that an amount of the‘outgoing public’ uses ecstasy: 23% ever used ecstasy; 20% used it last year and 14%used it last month. Ecstasy use increases after the sixteenth birthday. According to theresearchers the combination of ecstasy and other drugs leads to health risks. They foundthat 65% of the frequent ecstasy users consumes ecstasy and alcohol at the same time.But the use of alcohol is almost equal for ‘ecstasy-users’ and ‘ecstasy-tryers’. Alcoholstill is the mostly used substance among disco-visitors (>60% of the population).Since 1993 a monitoring study in Amsterdam is being conducted in which newtrends and developments in consumer patterns of illicit drugs by Amsterdam youngstersare signalised and interpret. Antenne Amsterdam 1995 consists of a combination offour kinds of data on drug use and gambling. Besides a set group of youngsters andschoolkids, they chose visitors of discotheques and raves in Amsterdam as a ‘group-atrisk’(this target group changes every year). They found in 1995 that 52% of the discogoersever used ecstasy and 34% of the disco-goers ever used amphetamines.life time last year last monthCocaine 39 25 15Ecstasy 52 41 33Amphetamines 34 20 12LSD 23 9 3Heroin 6 1 1Mushrooms 29 19 6Crack 2 0 0base cocaine 10 3 1Prevalence of disco-goers in 1995 (Korf & Nabben, 1995)159
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ORGANISATIONS AND NATIONAL RESEARCH
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This volume is dedicated very speci
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PRESENTATIONIt’s a great pleasure
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INDEXPág.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . .
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1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DESIGNER DRUGS,
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the most widely used because its ef
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All this led to the famous English
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had used it in the preceding month.
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had used ecstasy or a similar subst
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school population found a prevalenc
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isk factors among adolescents (Cala
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make quantitative what is qualitati
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concentrated in ecstasy use. A stud
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the others versions but with less i
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3. SAMPLE DESIGN AND FIELD WORK3.1.
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Two different methods were suggeste
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according to drug use level. Finall
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We came into contact with eight ind
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4. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUNDINTRO
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We did not think it would be necess
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STUDY LEVEL (% on global sample; %
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In Utrecht, most of the young peopl
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SUMMARYWe remind again that, in spi
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This classification will be used fr
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Montagne, 1992) or Rimini, in Italy
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RELIGION PRACTITIONER (% on global
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It stands out the high percentage o
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Amphetamines are often used with fr
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In the Utrecht sample, however, alt
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GLOBAL SAMPLE ANSWERSThe most popul
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These data are interesting in order
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WITH WHOM TO CONSUME ECSTASY? (In %
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As we have already seen in other ta
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6. SENSATION SEEKING SCALE (SSS)6.1
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correlation’s varies in function
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consumers sample comprises individu
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DISINHIBITION (DIS)Modena, Palma an
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y the non-consumer groups. In addit
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Once again, on the Boredom Suscepti
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this new scale. The individuals bel
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Still following psychoanalysis, Koh
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seeking scale, the hypotheses for t
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SDS results according to sexSexPunc
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understanding and explaining realit
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there would be two more or less dif
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RELATION BETWEEN ECSTASY AND SEXThe
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of medicaments. In fact, they are p
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In any case, it is true indeed that
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Well aware that these interpretatio
Page 106 and 107: with others, facilitates being able
Page 108 and 109: 8.3.2. Social Representation in the
Page 110 and 111: with problems”, “the problem wi
Page 112 and 113: feel good”, “it causes euphoria
Page 114 and 115: Therefore, and taking into account
Page 116 and 117: appear in the diagram, as they have
Page 118 and 119: as one of the reasons for taking ec
Page 120 and 121: In the C diagram we see distributio
Page 122 and 123: shy people” and “escape from re
Page 124 and 125: We believe the adequate way of inte
Page 126 and 127: In the C group there are five compo
Page 128 and 129: ecause ecstasy use is connected wit
Page 130 and 131: Nowadays, three studies are being c
Page 132 and 133: can become addictive conducts and h
Page 134 and 135: therapeutic virtues that have been
Page 136 and 137: CESDIP/CNRS, Centre d’Etudes et d
Page 138 and 139: The Interior Ministry considers tha
Page 140 and 141: In spite of the methodological limi
Page 142 and 143: directed at investigating the quali
Page 144 and 145: follows; 60 % hash/marihuana, 11% e
Page 146 and 147: The results highlighted that respon
Page 148 and 149: young people interviewed considered
Page 150 and 151: In the last few years, however, in
Page 152 and 153: 04) Ensuring that water is availabl
Page 154 and 155: ♦ Zini G., Indagine sul consumo d
Page 158 and 159: From the secondary school populatio
Page 160 and 161: Huizer, H. (1996). Rapport over het
Page 162 and 163: A related theme is to describe toda
Page 164 and 165: Verhulst, J. (1996). XTC kan altijd
Page 166 and 167: Because this review is meant to giv
Page 168 and 169: 170Mudde, L. (1997). ‘XTC is nog
Page 170 and 171: 2) The second research was carried
Page 172 and 173: Even so it is possible to make a di
Page 174 and 175: At the round table of social Analys
Page 176 and 177: 2. Press articles regarding ecstasy
Page 178 and 179: Comas Arnau D, Velázquez Andrés J
Page 180 and 181: 182estimulantes. p. 111-29.Salazar
Page 182 and 183: to the middle and upper classes. Th
Page 184 and 185: The culturally sensitive poly-consu
Page 186 and 187: SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CONSUMERS
Page 188 and 189: stereotype, there was also the mess
Page 190 and 191: their habitual environment, without
Page 192 and 193: experiment with drugs such as heroi
Page 194 and 195: This policy is being received very
Page 196 and 197: SPECIFIC EUROPEAN PREVENTIVE CAMPAI
Page 198 and 199: The material used was a triptych, c
Page 200 and 201: establishments. This first initiati
Page 202 and 203: The latest campaign which formed pa
Page 204 and 205: NETHERLANDSIn Holland, there have b
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Don’t force yourself to be always
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preventive strategies related to ec
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Within the harm minimisation strate
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11. PREVENTION PROPOSALSPREVENTION
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implied danger), but depending on w
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Despite the different policies on d
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12. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY001. Abric,
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031. Díaz, A., Barruti, M. and Don
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misuse. Addiction 89.068. Kandel, D
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102. O’Rourke, P.J. (1985) Tune i
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137. Ureña, M.M. and Serra, F. (19
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The interview will be semi-structur
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♦ which subjects are the most fre
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ANNEX 3QUESTIONNAIRE OF SOCIALREPRE
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06. Birthplace (city and country):-
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19. In the last three months, how m
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30. Have you taken any other substa
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Next sentences are about your prefe
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONSINSTRUCTIONSB
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ANNEX 4PROTOCOL TO RECRUIT THE DISC
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⇒ envelopes with stamp and addres
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I R E F R E AIREFREA is a european
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