As we have already seen <strong>in</strong> other tables where there were many miss<strong>in</strong>gs it isdifficult to know which is the right <strong>in</strong>terpretation, because we do not know it is aquestion <strong>of</strong> sampl<strong>in</strong>g or especial consumption habits <strong>of</strong> the studied area or both. Thishigh association between <strong>ecstasy</strong> <strong>and</strong> hero<strong>in</strong> needs then further exploration.The Utrecht sample behaviour is <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g. Though there is also a certa<strong>in</strong>polyconsume, it is lower than <strong>in</strong> other towns. Actually, there are no hero<strong>in</strong>e consumers,they are among those who consume less tobacco (79,9%), alcohol (70,3%), cannabis(66,9%) <strong>and</strong> coca<strong>in</strong>e (28,9%) simultaneously with XTC. May be the biggest differencewith other cities is the use <strong>of</strong> LSD (9,4%). Nevertheless, as we can see, the percentage<strong>of</strong> simultaneous use are still quite high <strong>and</strong> we must consider the Dutch sample also aspoly-consumers. We have already expla<strong>in</strong>ed possible sampl<strong>in</strong>g reasons to expla<strong>in</strong> a lessheavier polyconsume <strong>in</strong>fluenced by the fact that young people <strong>in</strong> Holl<strong>and</strong> are moredivided <strong>in</strong>to groups that share same cultures, music, drugs,…HAVE YOU EVER THOUGHT ABOUT GIVING UP ECSTASY (In %)COIMBRA MODENA NICE PALMA UTRECHTYes 56,3 64,6 76,9 55,8 42,4Nearly <strong>in</strong> every country, more than half <strong>of</strong> the users have considered giv<strong>in</strong>g up<strong>ecstasy</strong> <strong>in</strong> some moment <strong>of</strong> their life, reach<strong>in</strong>g up to 76,9% <strong>in</strong> Nice. Dutch users seemto have less problems with its use, which is due probably to the fact that they are thesample with less tendency to misuse. Probably it has also some <strong>in</strong>fluence <strong>in</strong> the Dutchcase the cultural connotations l<strong>in</strong>ked with the important preventive campaigns that havetaken place <strong>in</strong> this country.We can not forget that the samples from Modena <strong>and</strong> Nice have a high percentage <strong>of</strong> ex-consumers, which may be expla<strong>in</strong>s why <strong>in</strong> these cities we f<strong>in</strong>d a high percentage <strong>of</strong> peoplewho wants to give up <strong>ecstasy</strong>. A second possible reason is the high percentage <strong>of</strong> misuse.From a preventive po<strong>in</strong>t <strong>of</strong> view, we consider significant that such a high percentage<strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals had thought about the possibility <strong>of</strong> giv<strong>in</strong>g up <strong>ecstasy</strong>. This will mean thatan exclusive harm reduction strategy will not take <strong>in</strong>to account this need expressed bythe <strong>ecstasy</strong> users, <strong>and</strong> therefore we have to th<strong>in</strong>k also <strong>in</strong> some programs that could helpthem <strong>in</strong> giv<strong>in</strong>g up this drug.WHERE ECSTASY IS OFTENER BOUGHTCOIMBRA MODENA NICE PALMA UTRECHTAt discos or bars 13,3 20,1 18,1 24,11 12,6In the street 05,6 11,8 10,5 11,90 03,7With friends 35,3 46,5 36,8 34,30 58,2At concerts 11,5 01,4 03,6 08,20 020,At “rave” parties 27,4 10,4 22,7 08,40 16,7At football stadiums 02,3 00,7 00,7 01,80 00,3Others 04,6 090, 07,6 11,30 06,572
Quite clearly the most common answer is “to friends”, followed by at “discos orbars”. “Raves” <strong>and</strong> “concerts” are also places used to buy <strong>ecstasy</strong> <strong>in</strong> some <strong>of</strong> thecountries.To buy <strong>ecstasy</strong> “<strong>in</strong> the street” is approximately 10% <strong>in</strong> the different countries, which<strong>in</strong>dicates the scarcely marg<strong>in</strong>al character <strong>of</strong> its use.EFFECTS VALUATIONCOIMBRA MODENA NICE PALMA UTRECHTVery positive 44,8 30,8 33,3 21,1 35,6Positive 54,5 33,6 45,3 47,6 53,7Not good, not bad 00,7 20,3 040, 22,9 08,5Negative 070, 11,3 06,6 01,1Very negative 08,4 060, 01,8 01,1Ecstasy effects are generally considered by users as extremely positive. The lowestvaluation is found <strong>in</strong> Modena, with 64% who considers the effects <strong>of</strong> <strong>ecstasy</strong> use arebetween positive <strong>and</strong> very positive.It seems that the samples <strong>of</strong> those cities where it exists a smaller misuse <strong>in</strong> theconsumption or a m<strong>in</strong>or polyconsume (Coimbra <strong>and</strong> Utrecht) value <strong>in</strong> a more positiveway the effects. An <strong>in</strong>credibly high percentage <strong>of</strong> the Coimbra sample (99,3%)considers the effects <strong>of</strong> the <strong>ecstasy</strong> are positive or very positive.It would be worth determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g how far the perception <strong>of</strong> the bad effects has drivenpart <strong>of</strong> the sample to become ex-consumers. We must remember that there is a highproportion <strong>of</strong> ex-consumers <strong>in</strong> the samples <strong>of</strong> Modena <strong>and</strong> Nice <strong>and</strong> also a certa<strong>in</strong>percentage <strong>of</strong> users who do not like the effects <strong>of</strong> <strong>ecstasy</strong>.In Palma de Mallorca, a sample with a tendency to <strong>ecstasy</strong> abuse <strong>and</strong> to polyconsume,is where we f<strong>in</strong>d a 23% <strong>of</strong> users that evaluates the effects as “not good, notbad” <strong>and</strong> 8,4% as “negative” or “very negative”.73
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ORGANISATIONS AND NATIONAL RESEARCH
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This volume is dedicated very speci
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PRESENTATIONIt’s a great pleasure
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INDEXPág.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . .
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1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DESIGNER DRUGS,
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the most widely used because its ef
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All this led to the famous English
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had used it in the preceding month.
- Page 20 and 21: had used ecstasy or a similar subst
- Page 22 and 23: school population found a prevalenc
- Page 24 and 25: isk factors among adolescents (Cala
- Page 26 and 27: make quantitative what is qualitati
- Page 28 and 29: concentrated in ecstasy use. A stud
- Page 30 and 31: the others versions but with less i
- Page 33 and 34: 3. SAMPLE DESIGN AND FIELD WORK3.1.
- Page 35 and 36: Two different methods were suggeste
- Page 37 and 38: according to drug use level. Finall
- Page 39 and 40: We came into contact with eight ind
- Page 41 and 42: 4. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUNDINTRO
- Page 43 and 44: We did not think it would be necess
- Page 45 and 46: STUDY LEVEL (% on global sample; %
- Page 47 and 48: In Utrecht, most of the young peopl
- Page 49: SUMMARYWe remind again that, in spi
- Page 52 and 53: This classification will be used fr
- Page 54 and 55: Montagne, 1992) or Rimini, in Italy
- Page 56 and 57: RELIGION PRACTITIONER (% on global
- Page 58 and 59: It stands out the high percentage o
- Page 60 and 61: Amphetamines are often used with fr
- Page 62 and 63: In the Utrecht sample, however, alt
- Page 64 and 65: GLOBAL SAMPLE ANSWERSThe most popul
- Page 66 and 67: These data are interesting in order
- Page 68 and 69: WITH WHOM TO CONSUME ECSTASY? (In %
- Page 73 and 74: 6. SENSATION SEEKING SCALE (SSS)6.1
- Page 75 and 76: correlation’s varies in function
- Page 77 and 78: consumers sample comprises individu
- Page 79 and 80: DISINHIBITION (DIS)Modena, Palma an
- Page 81 and 82: y the non-consumer groups. In addit
- Page 83 and 84: Once again, on the Boredom Suscepti
- Page 85: this new scale. The individuals bel
- Page 88 and 89: Still following psychoanalysis, Koh
- Page 90 and 91: seeking scale, the hypotheses for t
- Page 92 and 93: SDS results according to sexSexPunc
- Page 94 and 95: understanding and explaining realit
- Page 96 and 97: there would be two more or less dif
- Page 98 and 99: RELATION BETWEEN ECSTASY AND SEXThe
- Page 100 and 101: of medicaments. In fact, they are p
- Page 102 and 103: In any case, it is true indeed that
- Page 104 and 105: Well aware that these interpretatio
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- Page 108 and 109: 8.3.2. Social Representation in the
- Page 110 and 111: with problems”, “the problem wi
- Page 112 and 113: feel good”, “it causes euphoria
- Page 114 and 115: Therefore, and taking into account
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In the C diagram we see distributio
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shy people” and “escape from re
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We believe the adequate way of inte
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In the C group there are five compo
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ecause ecstasy use is connected wit
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Nowadays, three studies are being c
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can become addictive conducts and h
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therapeutic virtues that have been
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CESDIP/CNRS, Centre d’Etudes et d
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The Interior Ministry considers tha
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In spite of the methodological limi
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directed at investigating the quali
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follows; 60 % hash/marihuana, 11% e
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The results highlighted that respon
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young people interviewed considered
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In the last few years, however, in
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04) Ensuring that water is availabl
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♦ Zini G., Indagine sul consumo d
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Ossebaard, H.C. (1996). Drugspreven
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From the secondary school populatio
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Huizer, H. (1996). Rapport over het
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A related theme is to describe toda
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Verhulst, J. (1996). XTC kan altijd
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Because this review is meant to giv
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170Mudde, L. (1997). ‘XTC is nog
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2) The second research was carried
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Even so it is possible to make a di
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At the round table of social Analys
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2. Press articles regarding ecstasy
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Comas Arnau D, Velázquez Andrés J
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182estimulantes. p. 111-29.Salazar
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to the middle and upper classes. Th
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The culturally sensitive poly-consu
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CONSUMERS
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stereotype, there was also the mess
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their habitual environment, without
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experiment with drugs such as heroi
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This policy is being received very
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SPECIFIC EUROPEAN PREVENTIVE CAMPAI
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The material used was a triptych, c
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establishments. This first initiati
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The latest campaign which formed pa
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NETHERLANDSIn Holland, there have b
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Don’t force yourself to be always
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preventive strategies related to ec
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Within the harm minimisation strate
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11. PREVENTION PROPOSALSPREVENTION
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implied danger), but depending on w
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Despite the different policies on d
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12. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY001. Abric,
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031. Díaz, A., Barruti, M. and Don
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misuse. Addiction 89.068. Kandel, D
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102. O’Rourke, P.J. (1985) Tune i
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137. Ureña, M.M. and Serra, F. (19
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The interview will be semi-structur
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♦ which subjects are the most fre
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ANNEX 3QUESTIONNAIRE OF SOCIALREPRE
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06. Birthplace (city and country):-
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19. In the last three months, how m
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30. Have you taken any other substa
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Next sentences are about your prefe
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONSINSTRUCTIONSB
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ANNEX 4PROTOCOL TO RECRUIT THE DISC
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⇒ envelopes with stamp and addres
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I R E F R E AIREFREA is a european