other countries. The Italian sample scores high, on the dis<strong>in</strong>hibition scale, <strong>and</strong> low onthe rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g subscales, therefore a factor which would have more importance for thissample is a tendency to hedonism, to the search for enjoyment. The Nice <strong>and</strong> Coimbrasamples only score high <strong>in</strong> respect <strong>of</strong> the other cities on the Boredom SusceptibilitySubscale. Overcom<strong>in</strong>g boredom seems to be a factor with more weight among theFrench <strong>and</strong> Portuguese. As for the Palma sample, it seems that the necessity for a moreunconventional life style <strong>and</strong> a tendency to hedonism are the factors which predom<strong>in</strong>ate<strong>in</strong> comparison with the other cities. Notable too, is the low score on boredomsusceptibility.6.2.2. Score on the SSS Scale by sample type differentiat<strong>in</strong>g consumers or nonconsumers<strong>of</strong> <strong>ecstasy</strong>.These scores correspond to the total sample <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals (1,627), <strong>in</strong> respect <strong>of</strong> thesample to which they belong (disco <strong>and</strong> university) <strong>and</strong> differentiated also <strong>in</strong>accordance to whether they are <strong>ecstasy</strong> consumers or non-consumers.SSS SCORES BY SAMPLE TYPETAS ES DIS BS GLOBALUniversity 5,6686 5,4841 4,9226 3,4622 19,5685Non-consumer (2,4796) (5,4841) (2,0516) (1,7839) (5,5723)University 6,0563 6,9747 6,4152 4,6207 23,9218consumer (2,2203) (6,9747) (1,7229) (1,8018) (4,4189)Disco 5,5714 5,5450 5,1611 4,0296 20,3576Non-consumer (2,3357) (5,5450) (2,0871) (1,7714) (5,1488)Disco 5,7493 6,4858 6,2139 4,8067 23,2638consumer (2,1988) (6,4858) (1,7714) (1,7861) (4,7882)K-W (p) 7,80 156,35 127,62 109,06 130,46(0,05) (0,0001) (0,0001) (0,0001) (0,0001)The data <strong>in</strong> the table corresponds to the mean <strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong>side brackets, to the st<strong>and</strong>ard deviation.K-W (Kruskal Wallis test statistic <strong>and</strong> level <strong>of</strong> significance)ANALYSIS ACCORDING TO SUBSCALESFor the TAS Subscale, there are only significant differences between the meanscores <strong>of</strong> the university consumers <strong>and</strong> the disco non consumer groups. There are nodifferences between the other scores.On the Experience Seek<strong>in</strong>g Scale (ES), the mean scores obta<strong>in</strong>ed by both theuniversity <strong>and</strong> the disco consumer groups are significantly higher than those obta<strong>in</strong>ed82
y the non-consumer groups. In addition, there are differences between the universityconsumers <strong>and</strong> the disco consumers, the scores <strong>of</strong> the first group be<strong>in</strong>g higher than thesecond. There are no significant differences between the two non <strong>ecstasy</strong> consumergroups.On the Dis<strong>in</strong>hibition (DIS) Subscale, the differences <strong>in</strong> means are significantbetween the consumer <strong>and</strong> non-consumer groups irrespective <strong>of</strong> whether they areuniversity or disco, those for the first group be<strong>in</strong>g higher.On the Boredom Susceptibility Scale (BS), the mean score <strong>of</strong> the university nonconsumergroup is significantly lower than that <strong>of</strong> the other groups, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g disconon-consumers. In addition, there is also a difference between the disco non-consumergroup <strong>and</strong> the consumer groups, both disco <strong>and</strong> university.The score for the complete SSS <strong>in</strong>dicates that the consumer groups score higher onthe sensation seek<strong>in</strong>g scale than the non-consumer groups, there be<strong>in</strong>g no differencesbetween university or disco but only between consumers or non consumers.SUMMARYNon-consumers <strong>of</strong> <strong>ecstasy</strong>, either disco or university, always score below consumers.Therefore, the <strong>in</strong>dividuals perta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g to the <strong>ecstasy</strong> consumers sample, either disco oruniversity, are greater sensation seekers than the <strong>in</strong>dividuals <strong>in</strong> the non-consumers <strong>of</strong><strong>ecstasy</strong> sample.In addition, on the Susceptibility to Boredom Subscale (BS), we also f<strong>in</strong>d differentscores for the non-consumers, disco non-consumers scor<strong>in</strong>g higher than university nonconsumers.As for the consumer groups, there are no differences between disco consumers <strong>and</strong>university consumers on the overall scale. Nevertheless, on mak<strong>in</strong>g an analysis <strong>of</strong> thescores by subscales, we see that there are differences between these two samples on theExperience Seek<strong>in</strong>g Subscale. On this, the disco <strong>ecstasy</strong> consumers score above those<strong>of</strong> university.We see, then, that the most sensitive subscale, that is the one where there are moresignificant differences between the groups, is the Experiences Seek<strong>in</strong>g, followed byBoredom Susceptibility <strong>and</strong> Dis<strong>in</strong>hibition. The Thrills <strong>and</strong> Adventure Seek<strong>in</strong>g scaleshows least sensitivity.6.2.3. The SSS by consumption frequencies.The follow<strong>in</strong>g results <strong>of</strong> the Sensation Seek<strong>in</strong>g Scale, Version V by Zuckermannhave been taken from a total sample <strong>of</strong> 1,642 <strong>in</strong>dividuals, the addition <strong>of</strong> all the nationalsamples. The analysis was made by groups <strong>in</strong> accordance with their consumption level,dist<strong>in</strong>guish<strong>in</strong>g between the non-consumer (approximately half <strong>of</strong> the sample, because83
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ORGANISATIONS AND NATIONAL RESEARCH
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This volume is dedicated very speci
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PRESENTATIONIt’s a great pleasure
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INDEXPág.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . .
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1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DESIGNER DRUGS,
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the most widely used because its ef
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All this led to the famous English
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had used it in the preceding month.
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had used ecstasy or a similar subst
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school population found a prevalenc
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isk factors among adolescents (Cala
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make quantitative what is qualitati
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concentrated in ecstasy use. A stud
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- Page 33 and 34: 3. SAMPLE DESIGN AND FIELD WORK3.1.
- Page 35 and 36: Two different methods were suggeste
- Page 37 and 38: according to drug use level. Finall
- Page 39 and 40: We came into contact with eight ind
- Page 41 and 42: 4. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUNDINTRO
- Page 43 and 44: We did not think it would be necess
- Page 45 and 46: STUDY LEVEL (% on global sample; %
- Page 47 and 48: In Utrecht, most of the young peopl
- Page 49: SUMMARYWe remind again that, in spi
- Page 52 and 53: This classification will be used fr
- Page 54 and 55: Montagne, 1992) or Rimini, in Italy
- Page 56 and 57: RELIGION PRACTITIONER (% on global
- Page 58 and 59: It stands out the high percentage o
- Page 60 and 61: Amphetamines are often used with fr
- Page 62 and 63: In the Utrecht sample, however, alt
- Page 64 and 65: GLOBAL SAMPLE ANSWERSThe most popul
- Page 66 and 67: These data are interesting in order
- Page 68 and 69: WITH WHOM TO CONSUME ECSTASY? (In %
- Page 70 and 71: As we have already seen in other ta
- Page 73 and 74: 6. SENSATION SEEKING SCALE (SSS)6.1
- Page 75 and 76: correlation’s varies in function
- Page 77 and 78: consumers sample comprises individu
- Page 79: DISINHIBITION (DIS)Modena, Palma an
- Page 83 and 84: Once again, on the Boredom Suscepti
- Page 85: this new scale. The individuals bel
- Page 88 and 89: Still following psychoanalysis, Koh
- Page 90 and 91: seeking scale, the hypotheses for t
- Page 92 and 93: SDS results according to sexSexPunc
- Page 94 and 95: understanding and explaining realit
- Page 96 and 97: there would be two more or less dif
- Page 98 and 99: RELATION BETWEEN ECSTASY AND SEXThe
- Page 100 and 101: of medicaments. In fact, they are p
- Page 102 and 103: In any case, it is true indeed that
- Page 104 and 105: Well aware that these interpretatio
- Page 106 and 107: with others, facilitates being able
- Page 108 and 109: 8.3.2. Social Representation in the
- Page 110 and 111: with problems”, “the problem wi
- Page 112 and 113: feel good”, “it causes euphoria
- Page 114 and 115: Therefore, and taking into account
- Page 116 and 117: appear in the diagram, as they have
- Page 118 and 119: as one of the reasons for taking ec
- Page 120 and 121: In the C diagram we see distributio
- Page 122 and 123: shy people” and “escape from re
- Page 124 and 125: We believe the adequate way of inte
- Page 126 and 127: In the C group there are five compo
- Page 128 and 129: ecause ecstasy use is connected wit
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Nowadays, three studies are being c
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can become addictive conducts and h
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therapeutic virtues that have been
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CESDIP/CNRS, Centre d’Etudes et d
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The Interior Ministry considers tha
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In spite of the methodological limi
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directed at investigating the quali
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follows; 60 % hash/marihuana, 11% e
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The results highlighted that respon
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young people interviewed considered
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In the last few years, however, in
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04) Ensuring that water is availabl
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♦ Zini G., Indagine sul consumo d
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Ossebaard, H.C. (1996). Drugspreven
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From the secondary school populatio
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Huizer, H. (1996). Rapport over het
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A related theme is to describe toda
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Verhulst, J. (1996). XTC kan altijd
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Because this review is meant to giv
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170Mudde, L. (1997). ‘XTC is nog
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2) The second research was carried
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Even so it is possible to make a di
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At the round table of social Analys
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2. Press articles regarding ecstasy
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Comas Arnau D, Velázquez Andrés J
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182estimulantes. p. 111-29.Salazar
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to the middle and upper classes. Th
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The culturally sensitive poly-consu
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CONSUMERS
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stereotype, there was also the mess
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their habitual environment, without
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experiment with drugs such as heroi
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This policy is being received very
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SPECIFIC EUROPEAN PREVENTIVE CAMPAI
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The material used was a triptych, c
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establishments. This first initiati
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The latest campaign which formed pa
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NETHERLANDSIn Holland, there have b
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Don’t force yourself to be always
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preventive strategies related to ec
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Within the harm minimisation strate
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11. PREVENTION PROPOSALSPREVENTION
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implied danger), but depending on w
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Despite the different policies on d
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12. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY001. Abric,
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031. Díaz, A., Barruti, M. and Don
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misuse. Addiction 89.068. Kandel, D
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102. O’Rourke, P.J. (1985) Tune i
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137. Ureña, M.M. and Serra, F. (19
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The interview will be semi-structur
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♦ which subjects are the most fre
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ANNEX 3QUESTIONNAIRE OF SOCIALREPRE
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06. Birthplace (city and country):-
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19. In the last three months, how m
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30. Have you taken any other substa
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Next sentences are about your prefe
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONSINSTRUCTIONSB
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ANNEX 4PROTOCOL TO RECRUIT THE DISC
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⇒ envelopes with stamp and addres
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I R E F R E AIREFREA is a european