Every sample is composed by a majority <strong>of</strong> s<strong>in</strong>gle <strong>in</strong>dividuals, be<strong>in</strong>g Palma deMallorca the city with the highest percentage (91,9%) <strong>and</strong> Utrecht the one with thelowest percentage (78’4%).Obviously, all the other categories have m<strong>in</strong>or proportions compared to “s<strong>in</strong>gle”,though <strong>in</strong> Nice (13,6%) <strong>and</strong> Utrecht (15,8%) we f<strong>in</strong>d important percentages <strong>of</strong> youngpeople who live with a couple, <strong>in</strong> contrast with the rest <strong>of</strong> the cities, where thepercentages never go beyond 5%. These differences co<strong>in</strong>cide, as we will see later, withthe higher economical level <strong>of</strong> the young people from these two cities, that arethemselves richer than the others, as it is expressed <strong>in</strong> the variable “How much moneyhave you got per month?”. In Italy, Portugal <strong>and</strong> Spa<strong>in</strong>, <strong>in</strong>dependently from economicalproblems, young people has a strong tendency to rema<strong>in</strong> liv<strong>in</strong>g with their parents.BIRTH PLACE (%)COIMBRA MODENA NICE* PALMA UTRECHTTown <strong>of</strong> field work 39,8 33,8 20,7 69,6 22,7Different towns 50,2 63,0 22,8 28,9 70,1Different country 10,0 03,2 56,5 01,5 07,1* There has been a translation problem <strong>in</strong> the French questionnaire. The <strong>in</strong>terviewees could mistake be<strong>in</strong>g bornabroad or <strong>in</strong> a different part <strong>of</strong> France.This variable should give us <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formation about youth mobility dur<strong>in</strong>g theweek-ends. For <strong>in</strong>stance, we see that <strong>in</strong> every city, with the exception <strong>of</strong> Palma deMallorca, most <strong>of</strong> the <strong>in</strong>dividuals do not live <strong>in</strong> the same city where they have been<strong>in</strong>terviewed.It is not easy to determ<strong>in</strong>e the exact reasons <strong>of</strong> this phenomenon <strong>in</strong> this surveyaccord<strong>in</strong>g to the data, but at least we can th<strong>in</strong>k at least <strong>in</strong> two sort <strong>of</strong> explanations. Itseems quite reasonable to th<strong>in</strong>k that an important percentage <strong>of</strong> the sample areuniversity students that moved to these towns <strong>in</strong> order to follow their university studies.The second reason could be the fact that young people tend to look for fun at discosplaced <strong>in</strong> different towns where they live.The percentages that st<strong>and</strong> out s<strong>in</strong>ce they break this tendency are the 69,6% <strong>of</strong><strong>in</strong>dividuals from Palma de Mallorca, who were born <strong>in</strong> the same city where the<strong>in</strong>vestigation was carried out, <strong>and</strong> the 56,5% <strong>of</strong> foreigners from the sample <strong>of</strong> Nice.However, this last percentage is not a reliable quantity for the reason that there had beena problem with the questionnaire translation to French language <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>terviewees couldnot dist<strong>in</strong>guish between hav<strong>in</strong>g been born abroad or <strong>in</strong> a different part <strong>of</strong> the country.Though it is true that Nice has a certa<strong>in</strong> percentage <strong>of</strong> immigrants from other countries,it has above all young <strong>in</strong>dividuals from other French areas who study at its university.The explanation <strong>of</strong> the particularity <strong>of</strong> Palma de Mallorca is easy. On the one h<strong>and</strong>,as it is an isl<strong>and</strong>, very few students from other cities go to its university <strong>and</strong>, on the otherh<strong>and</strong>, approximately half <strong>of</strong> the population <strong>of</strong> the isl<strong>and</strong> lives <strong>in</strong> this capital.46
STUDY LEVEL (% on global sample; % on disco sample)COIMBRA MODENA NICE PALMA UTRECHTGlobal Disco Global Disco Global Disco Global Disco Global DiscoPrimary studies 00,0 00,0 07,7 17,0 01,5 02,0 10,0 18,9 01,4 02,2Secondary studies 29,4 50,6 28,3 51,9 27,8 41,1 26,6 47,9 16,9 28,9University studies 70,6 49,4 64,0 31,1 70,7 56,9 63,4 33,1 81,7 68,9The study level variable depends on the k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> sample that has been recruited forthe research. As we all know, half <strong>of</strong> the sample <strong>in</strong> every town is composed by universitystudents <strong>and</strong> this expla<strong>in</strong>s the high percentage <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals with university studies <strong>in</strong>the total sample. Therefore, we consider important to <strong>in</strong>clude the study distributionamong <strong>in</strong>dividuals <strong>of</strong> disco sample.It st<strong>and</strong>s out the high percentage <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals with university studies <strong>in</strong> the discosample <strong>of</strong> Utrecht (68,9%) <strong>and</strong> Nice (56,9%), <strong>in</strong> contrast with the other three cities,where most part <strong>of</strong> the sample has secondary studies. It also st<strong>and</strong>s out the highpercentage <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals with primary studies <strong>in</strong> the disco sample <strong>of</strong> Modena <strong>and</strong>Palma de Mallorca. As we are not work<strong>in</strong>g with representative samples, it is difficult toevaluate adequately the differences among percentages. We have to consider thedifferent richness <strong>of</strong> every town, sampl<strong>in</strong>g bias, ..., <strong>and</strong> the age <strong>of</strong> every sample(Modena <strong>and</strong> Palma de Mallorca are the youngest).CURRENT OCCUPATION (% on global sample)COIMBRA MODENA NICE PALMA. UTRECHTStudy<strong>in</strong>g 58,5 61,7 36,7 48,2 24,4Study<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> work<strong>in</strong>g 20,4 15,4 19,4 25,0 36,4Work<strong>in</strong>g 19,3 18,0 34,3 21,3 33,8Military service 01,1 03,2 04,5 01,5 03,1Others 00,7 01,6 05,1 03,8 02,3The highest percentage <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals who only study is found <strong>in</strong> Modena (61,7%),followed by Coimbra (58,5%) <strong>and</strong> Palma (48,2%). The samples <strong>of</strong> Nice <strong>and</strong> Utrechthave relatively low percentages <strong>of</strong> young people who only study <strong>in</strong> comparison with theother cities. In these two cities a great number <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals are distributed between thevariables “study<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> work<strong>in</strong>g”, <strong>and</strong> “work<strong>in</strong>g”. This fact expla<strong>in</strong>s the differences <strong>of</strong>economical resources per month, <strong>and</strong> the higher proportion <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals who livealone or with a couple <strong>in</strong> comparison with Coimbra, Modena or Palma de Mallorca.47
- Page 3 and 4: ORGANISATIONS AND NATIONAL RESEARCH
- Page 5 and 6: This volume is dedicated very speci
- Page 7 and 8: PRESENTATIONIt’s a great pleasure
- Page 9 and 10: INDEXPág.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . .
- Page 11 and 12: 1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DESIGNER DRUGS,
- Page 13: the most widely used because its ef
- Page 16 and 17: All this led to the famous English
- Page 18 and 19: had used it in the preceding month.
- Page 20 and 21: had used ecstasy or a similar subst
- Page 22 and 23: school population found a prevalenc
- Page 24 and 25: isk factors among adolescents (Cala
- Page 26 and 27: make quantitative what is qualitati
- Page 28 and 29: concentrated in ecstasy use. A stud
- Page 30 and 31: the others versions but with less i
- Page 33 and 34: 3. SAMPLE DESIGN AND FIELD WORK3.1.
- Page 35 and 36: Two different methods were suggeste
- Page 37 and 38: according to drug use level. Finall
- Page 39 and 40: We came into contact with eight ind
- Page 41 and 42: 4. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUNDINTRO
- Page 43: We did not think it would be necess
- Page 47 and 48: In Utrecht, most of the young peopl
- Page 49: SUMMARYWe remind again that, in spi
- Page 52 and 53: This classification will be used fr
- Page 54 and 55: Montagne, 1992) or Rimini, in Italy
- Page 56 and 57: RELIGION PRACTITIONER (% on global
- Page 58 and 59: It stands out the high percentage o
- Page 60 and 61: Amphetamines are often used with fr
- Page 62 and 63: In the Utrecht sample, however, alt
- Page 64 and 65: GLOBAL SAMPLE ANSWERSThe most popul
- Page 66 and 67: These data are interesting in order
- Page 68 and 69: WITH WHOM TO CONSUME ECSTASY? (In %
- Page 70 and 71: As we have already seen in other ta
- Page 73 and 74: 6. SENSATION SEEKING SCALE (SSS)6.1
- Page 75 and 76: correlation’s varies in function
- Page 77 and 78: consumers sample comprises individu
- Page 79 and 80: DISINHIBITION (DIS)Modena, Palma an
- Page 81 and 82: y the non-consumer groups. In addit
- Page 83 and 84: Once again, on the Boredom Suscepti
- Page 85: this new scale. The individuals bel
- Page 88 and 89: Still following psychoanalysis, Koh
- Page 90 and 91: seeking scale, the hypotheses for t
- Page 92 and 93: SDS results according to sexSexPunc
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understanding and explaining realit
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there would be two more or less dif
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RELATION BETWEEN ECSTASY AND SEXThe
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of medicaments. In fact, they are p
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In any case, it is true indeed that
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Well aware that these interpretatio
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with others, facilitates being able
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8.3.2. Social Representation in the
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with problems”, “the problem wi
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feel good”, “it causes euphoria
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Therefore, and taking into account
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appear in the diagram, as they have
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as one of the reasons for taking ec
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In the C diagram we see distributio
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shy people” and “escape from re
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We believe the adequate way of inte
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In the C group there are five compo
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ecause ecstasy use is connected wit
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Nowadays, three studies are being c
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can become addictive conducts and h
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therapeutic virtues that have been
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CESDIP/CNRS, Centre d’Etudes et d
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The Interior Ministry considers tha
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In spite of the methodological limi
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directed at investigating the quali
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follows; 60 % hash/marihuana, 11% e
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The results highlighted that respon
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young people interviewed considered
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In the last few years, however, in
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04) Ensuring that water is availabl
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♦ Zini G., Indagine sul consumo d
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Ossebaard, H.C. (1996). Drugspreven
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From the secondary school populatio
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Huizer, H. (1996). Rapport over het
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A related theme is to describe toda
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Verhulst, J. (1996). XTC kan altijd
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Because this review is meant to giv
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170Mudde, L. (1997). ‘XTC is nog
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2) The second research was carried
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Even so it is possible to make a di
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At the round table of social Analys
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2. Press articles regarding ecstasy
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Comas Arnau D, Velázquez Andrés J
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182estimulantes. p. 111-29.Salazar
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to the middle and upper classes. Th
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The culturally sensitive poly-consu
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CONSUMERS
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stereotype, there was also the mess
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their habitual environment, without
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experiment with drugs such as heroi
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This policy is being received very
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SPECIFIC EUROPEAN PREVENTIVE CAMPAI
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The material used was a triptych, c
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establishments. This first initiati
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The latest campaign which formed pa
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NETHERLANDSIn Holland, there have b
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Don’t force yourself to be always
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preventive strategies related to ec
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Within the harm minimisation strate
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11. PREVENTION PROPOSALSPREVENTION
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implied danger), but depending on w
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Despite the different policies on d
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12. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY001. Abric,
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031. Díaz, A., Barruti, M. and Don
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misuse. Addiction 89.068. Kandel, D
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102. O’Rourke, P.J. (1985) Tune i
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137. Ureña, M.M. and Serra, F. (19
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The interview will be semi-structur
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♦ which subjects are the most fre
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ANNEX 3QUESTIONNAIRE OF SOCIALREPRE
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06. Birthplace (city and country):-
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19. In the last three months, how m
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30. Have you taken any other substa
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Next sentences are about your prefe
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONSINSTRUCTIONSB
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ANNEX 4PROTOCOL TO RECRUIT THE DISC
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⇒ envelopes with stamp and addres
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I R E F R E AIREFREA is a european