Characteristics and social representation of ecstasy in Europe - Irefrea

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shy people” and “escape from reality”. These items, therefore, have a place in the socialrepresentation of the C group as effects to be desired from this substance, whereas theyhave no relevance in the NC social representation.Graphic representation of non-consumers (NC) in Palma de MallorcaFeelOK24Keeps awake11 1625EuphoricGreat forparties14Reasonableprice131313House musiccomprhensionEasy drugProduceaddiction182823Lose control17Problematicpeople12No alcoholcombined28Death161414DepressiveNON CONSUMERS (PALMA)As for the block which is interesting from the point of view of the ecstasyproblematic, two items appear in the C group, “the problem with ecstasy is that youdon’t know what you’re taking” and “it’s dangerous without preventive measures”which do appear in the NC diagram. We can interpret this fact as that the C group haveexamined this aspect and decided that it does not involve much danger. In effect, theinterpretation of the data has to be made in conjunction with the orientation of the restof the variables with which they are associated, and we know that the C group tend todistance itself from a view of the dangers in taking ecstasy. But, in addition, if we wereto compare the times that the C group was in disagreement (important to rememberthere are three possibilities, agreement, disagreement and indifference) with the124
sentence “the problem is that you don’t know what you’re taking”, we see that it is20,8% compared with 11,2% of the NC. which is a statistically significant difference.The difference is even greater for the item “it is dangerous without preventivemeasures” since 35,4% of the C group disagree whereas only 24% of the NC show theirdisagreement. This has obvious preventive importance since it would appear that theNC group tend to be more preventive in themselves.On the other hand, in the NC diagrams in the problematic block, there are two itemswhich do not appear in the C diagrams. These items are “people with problems” and“not drink alcohol”. The “people with problems” item is not difficult to interpret. TheNC associate ecstasy and its problematic with this item, whereas for the C group, thereis no reason for there to be any relationship between the use of ecstasy and problematicpeople. Nevertheless, the presence in the NC group of the item “do not drink alcohol”in the block of items relating to the problematic of ecstasy attracts our attention andleads us to suggest two possible interpretations -that it is an idea which is transmittedor has been transmitted by the communications media very much in association with thecommentary that has been generated on this type of drug (In the early days, evenbetween detractors of this type of drugs it was believed that ecstasy did not combinewith alcohol) and that this is being maintained in the social representation of the NCgroup, whereas it has no relevance in the social representation of the sample of theconsumers themselves since putting it into practice leads them to explode the myth ofalcohol and ecstasy.As in other cities, attention is also drawn to the fact that the item “removes sexualinhibitions” -does not appear in either of the two representations, in neither the C northe NC group which indicates that it does not form part of or does not have muchimportance or weight as a component of a social representation of ecstasy in spite of itsbeing marketed as a love drug. This result corroborates the data extracted from thequestionnaire, when reasons for taking ecstasy were asked. The answers that believedthat the sex had any weight did not amount to 4% of the replies.8.3.7. Social representation in Utrecht (The Netherlands)Analysis of the social representation diagram of the sample from the city of Utrechtshows us a more atypical description, as we have already seen in Portugal. Both in theconsumer group(C) and in the non-consumer (NC) groups, the usual grouping in thetwo blocks is not maintained. At a significance of 5%, we find 4 different blocks in bothin the C and in NC groups. In spite of this bigger division, it would appear that each ofthem is formed by the items belonging either to the block which we have traditionallycalled the implied effects of ecstasy or to the other block on the dangers. Even if, as wementioned with the Portuguese sample, there is some interchange of items from oneblock to another in this sample when we compare the non-consumer (NC)diagram withthat of the consumers (C), something which is not normal in the samples from the otherthree cities.125
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ORGANISATIONS AND NATIONAL RESEARCH
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This volume is dedicated very speci
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PRESENTATIONIt’s a great pleasure
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INDEXPág.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . .
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1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DESIGNER DRUGS,
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the most widely used because its ef
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All this led to the famous English
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had used it in the preceding month.
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had used ecstasy or a similar subst
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school population found a prevalenc
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isk factors among adolescents (Cala
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make quantitative what is qualitati
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concentrated in ecstasy use. A stud
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the others versions but with less i
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3. SAMPLE DESIGN AND FIELD WORK3.1.
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Two different methods were suggeste
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according to drug use level. Finall
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We came into contact with eight ind
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4. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUNDINTRO
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We did not think it would be necess
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STUDY LEVEL (% on global sample; %
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In Utrecht, most of the young peopl
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SUMMARYWe remind again that, in spi
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This classification will be used fr
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Montagne, 1992) or Rimini, in Italy
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RELIGION PRACTITIONER (% on global
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It stands out the high percentage o
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Amphetamines are often used with fr
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In the Utrecht sample, however, alt
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GLOBAL SAMPLE ANSWERSThe most popul
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These data are interesting in order
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WITH WHOM TO CONSUME ECSTASY? (In %
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As we have already seen in other ta
Page 73 and 74: 6. SENSATION SEEKING SCALE (SSS)6.1
Page 75 and 76: correlation’s varies in function
Page 77 and 78: consumers sample comprises individu
Page 79 and 80: DISINHIBITION (DIS)Modena, Palma an
Page 81 and 82: y the non-consumer groups. In addit
Page 83 and 84: Once again, on the Boredom Suscepti
Page 85: this new scale. The individuals bel
Page 88 and 89: Still following psychoanalysis, Koh
Page 90 and 91: seeking scale, the hypotheses for t
Page 92 and 93: SDS results according to sexSexPunc
Page 94 and 95: understanding and explaining realit
Page 96 and 97: there would be two more or less dif
Page 98 and 99: RELATION BETWEEN ECSTASY AND SEXThe
Page 100 and 101: of medicaments. In fact, they are p
Page 102 and 103: In any case, it is true indeed that
Page 104 and 105: Well aware that these interpretatio
Page 106 and 107: with others, facilitates being able
Page 108 and 109: 8.3.2. Social Representation in the
Page 110 and 111: with problems”, “the problem wi
Page 112 and 113: feel good”, “it causes euphoria
Page 114 and 115: Therefore, and taking into account
Page 116 and 117: appear in the diagram, as they have
Page 118 and 119: as one of the reasons for taking ec
Page 120 and 121: In the C diagram we see distributio
Page 124 and 125: We believe the adequate way of inte
Page 126 and 127: In the C group there are five compo
Page 128 and 129: ecause ecstasy use is connected wit
Page 130 and 131: Nowadays, three studies are being c
Page 132 and 133: can become addictive conducts and h
Page 134 and 135: therapeutic virtues that have been
Page 136 and 137: CESDIP/CNRS, Centre d’Etudes et d
Page 138 and 139: The Interior Ministry considers tha
Page 140 and 141: In spite of the methodological limi
Page 142 and 143: directed at investigating the quali
Page 144 and 145: follows; 60 % hash/marihuana, 11% e
Page 146 and 147: The results highlighted that respon
Page 148 and 149: young people interviewed considered
Page 150 and 151: In the last few years, however, in
Page 152 and 153: 04) Ensuring that water is availabl
Page 154 and 155: ♦ Zini G., Indagine sul consumo d
Page 156 and 157: Ossebaard, H.C. (1996). Drugspreven
Page 158 and 159: From the secondary school populatio
Page 160 and 161: Huizer, H. (1996). Rapport over het
Page 162 and 163: A related theme is to describe toda
Page 164 and 165: Verhulst, J. (1996). XTC kan altijd
Page 166 and 167: Because this review is meant to giv
Page 168 and 169: 170Mudde, L. (1997). ‘XTC is nog
Page 170 and 171: 2) The second research was carried
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Even so it is possible to make a di
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At the round table of social Analys
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2. Press articles regarding ecstasy
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Comas Arnau D, Velázquez Andrés J
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182estimulantes. p. 111-29.Salazar
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to the middle and upper classes. Th
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The culturally sensitive poly-consu
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CONSUMERS
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stereotype, there was also the mess
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their habitual environment, without
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experiment with drugs such as heroi
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This policy is being received very
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SPECIFIC EUROPEAN PREVENTIVE CAMPAI
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The material used was a triptych, c
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establishments. This first initiati
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The latest campaign which formed pa
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NETHERLANDSIn Holland, there have b
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Don’t force yourself to be always
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preventive strategies related to ec
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Within the harm minimisation strate
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11. PREVENTION PROPOSALSPREVENTION
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implied danger), but depending on w
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Despite the different policies on d
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12. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY001. Abric,
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031. Díaz, A., Barruti, M. and Don
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misuse. Addiction 89.068. Kandel, D
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102. O’Rourke, P.J. (1985) Tune i
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137. Ureña, M.M. and Serra, F. (19
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The interview will be semi-structur
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♦ which subjects are the most fre
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ANNEX 3QUESTIONNAIRE OF SOCIALREPRE
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06. Birthplace (city and country):-
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19. In the last three months, how m
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30. Have you taken any other substa
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Next sentences are about your prefe
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONSINSTRUCTIONSB
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ANNEX 4PROTOCOL TO RECRUIT THE DISC
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⇒ envelopes with stamp and addres
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I R E F R E AIREFREA is a european
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