Characteristics and social representation of ecstasy in Europe - Irefrea

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From the secondary school population (14-16 years old; median 15 years) 8% everused ecstasy; 6% used ecstasy last year and 3% used ecstasy last month.From the older youngsters (14-24 year old; median 17 years) 7% ever used ecstasyand 6% used ecstasy last year.The last report of a household survey on the prevalence of drug use among thepopulation in Amsterdam of 12 years and over dates back to 1994 (Sandwijk et al.,1995). This is the third time in a row that the University of Amsterdam conducted adrug use survey among the population in Amsterdam. At the end of 1997 the next dataare expected.In comparison with 1987 and 1990 the use of cannabis and ecstasy seemed toincrease:“However, this increase was caused primarily by the so-called ‘generation effect’.This is reflected by stable levels of prevalence for most age groups except the oldestones. For ecstasy, prevalence rates rose in all age groups where use was present, but thisdrug has not (yet) been introduced in the youngest and in the highest age groups. Theincrease in the other age groups is due to the large-scale introduction of this drug on themarket. Prevalence rates rise fastest among the 20-34 year old” (Sandwijk et al., 1995,p.128).Drug life time (%) last year (%) last month (%) NTobacco 66.6 45.2 40.8 4353Alcohol 86.1 77.1 69.3 4353Hypnotics 19.4 10.0 6.7 4350Sedatives 20.2 9.2 5.5 4333Cannabis 29.2 10.6 6.8 4350Cocaine 6.9 1.8 0.7 4324Amphetamines 4.7 0.5 0.3 4350Ecstasy 3.2 1.5 0.6 4309Hallucinogens 4.4 0.5 0.1 4326Inhalants 1.1 0.2 0.1 4344opiates (all) 7.7 2.1 0.7 4364heroine only 1.3 0.3 0.1 4364no drug at all 8.3 14.3 19.9 4364pharmaceutical drug 33.3 16.9 10.7 4364illicit drug (incl. Cannabis) 30.0 11.3 7.0 4364difficult drug (excl. Cannabis) 10.6 2.9 1.2 4364Prevalence of drug use in 1994 (Sandwijk et al., 1995).Another monitor-study (de Zwart et al., 1997) involves drug-use of youngsters from10 - 18 (+) years old. They interviewed nearly 10.000 schoolkids. In 1996 5,6% of the160
interviewed youngsters had tried ecstasy once in their life and 2,2% of them had usedecstasy last month.The percentage of the boys using ecstasy is higher, than the percentage of the girls.Boys Girls TotalLife-time prevalence 6,9% 4,3% 5,6%Last month 2,9% 1,5% 2,2%Ecstasy -use of interviewed youngsters in 1996 (de Zwart., 1997).These are all studies in the Netherlands on ecstasy-use we know. The study in theSouthern Netherlands is probably the most interesting to compare with the IREFREAproject,because they interviewed disco goers and because it’s a recent study.The cVo study involves ravers, which might cause differences in drug use, sincevisitors of a rave have all night to party and pay a lot to join the party. Visiting a discois not that expensive and special, and usually doesn’t last the whole night. Moreover,you might visit a disco also through the week, which means that you might have to workthe next day. Raves normally take place at Saturdays, so you have the Sunday to sleepand recover.EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON DRUGS (INCLUDING ECSTASY)Hoebe, C.J.P.A., M. Jansen (1997). Gebruik van XTC onder het uitgaanspubliek inZuid-limburg. Heerlen/Maastricht: GGD Oostelijk Zuid-Limburg en GGDZuidelijk Zuid-Limburg.Korf, D.J., T. Nabben, M. Schreuders (1996). Antenne 1995. Amsterdam:Jellinekreeks nr. 5.Münstermann, R., W.P. Herngreen (1997). NOX. Noord-Limburgs onderzoek XTC.Verslag van het gezamenlijk onderzoek van CAD en GGD naar de aard enomvang van XTC-gebruik onder jongeren in Noord-Limburg.Sandwijk, J.P., P.D.A. Cohen, S. Musterd en M.P.S. Langemeijer (1995). Licit andillicit drug use in Amsterdam II. Amsterdam, Instituut voo Sociale Geografie.van de Wijngaart, G., R. Braam, D. De Bruin, M.Fris, N. Maalsté, H. Verbraeck(1997). Ecstasy in het uitgaanscircuit. Een sociaal-epidemiologisch onderzoeknaar de aard, omvang en risico’s van het gebruik van XTC en andereuitgaansdrugs op houseparty’s. Utrecht: Brouwer Uithof BV.de Zwart, W.M., H. Stam, S.B.M. Kuipers (1997). Kerngegevens. Roken, drinken,drugsgebruik en gokken onder scholieren vanaf 10 jaar. Utrecht: Trimbos-instituut.OTHER RESEARCH REPORTS ON ECSTASYde Bruin, D.E., A.A.N. Cruts, A.W. Ouwehand, G.F. van de Wijngaart (1997).Profiel XTC-clienten in de Nederlandse verslavingszorg. Houten/ Utrecht: IVV,Stichting Informatievoorziening Verslavingszorg.161
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ORGANISATIONS AND NATIONAL RESEARCH
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This volume is dedicated very speci
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PRESENTATIONIt’s a great pleasure
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INDEXPág.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . .
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1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DESIGNER DRUGS,
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the most widely used because its ef
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All this led to the famous English
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had used it in the preceding month.
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had used ecstasy or a similar subst
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school population found a prevalenc
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isk factors among adolescents (Cala
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make quantitative what is qualitati
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concentrated in ecstasy use. A stud
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the others versions but with less i
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3. SAMPLE DESIGN AND FIELD WORK3.1.
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Two different methods were suggeste
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according to drug use level. Finall
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We came into contact with eight ind
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4. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUNDINTRO
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We did not think it would be necess
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STUDY LEVEL (% on global sample; %
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In Utrecht, most of the young peopl
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SUMMARYWe remind again that, in spi
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This classification will be used fr
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Montagne, 1992) or Rimini, in Italy
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RELIGION PRACTITIONER (% on global
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It stands out the high percentage o
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Amphetamines are often used with fr
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In the Utrecht sample, however, alt
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GLOBAL SAMPLE ANSWERSThe most popul
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These data are interesting in order
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WITH WHOM TO CONSUME ECSTASY? (In %
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As we have already seen in other ta
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6. SENSATION SEEKING SCALE (SSS)6.1
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correlation’s varies in function
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consumers sample comprises individu
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DISINHIBITION (DIS)Modena, Palma an
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y the non-consumer groups. In addit
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Once again, on the Boredom Suscepti
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this new scale. The individuals bel
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Still following psychoanalysis, Koh
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seeking scale, the hypotheses for t
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SDS results according to sexSexPunc
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understanding and explaining realit
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there would be two more or less dif
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RELATION BETWEEN ECSTASY AND SEXThe
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of medicaments. In fact, they are p
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In any case, it is true indeed that
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Well aware that these interpretatio
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with others, facilitates being able
Page 108 and 109: 8.3.2. Social Representation in the
Page 110 and 111: with problems”, “the problem wi
Page 112 and 113: feel good”, “it causes euphoria
Page 114 and 115: Therefore, and taking into account
Page 116 and 117: appear in the diagram, as they have
Page 118 and 119: as one of the reasons for taking ec
Page 120 and 121: In the C diagram we see distributio
Page 122 and 123: shy people” and “escape from re
Page 124 and 125: We believe the adequate way of inte
Page 126 and 127: In the C group there are five compo
Page 128 and 129: ecause ecstasy use is connected wit
Page 130 and 131: Nowadays, three studies are being c
Page 132 and 133: can become addictive conducts and h
Page 134 and 135: therapeutic virtues that have been
Page 136 and 137: CESDIP/CNRS, Centre d’Etudes et d
Page 138 and 139: The Interior Ministry considers tha
Page 140 and 141: In spite of the methodological limi
Page 142 and 143: directed at investigating the quali
Page 144 and 145: follows; 60 % hash/marihuana, 11% e
Page 146 and 147: The results highlighted that respon
Page 148 and 149: young people interviewed considered
Page 150 and 151: In the last few years, however, in
Page 152 and 153: 04) Ensuring that water is availabl
Page 154 and 155: ♦ Zini G., Indagine sul consumo d
Page 156 and 157: Ossebaard, H.C. (1996). Drugspreven
Page 160 and 161: Huizer, H. (1996). Rapport over het
Page 162 and 163: A related theme is to describe toda
Page 164 and 165: Verhulst, J. (1996). XTC kan altijd
Page 166 and 167: Because this review is meant to giv
Page 168 and 169: 170Mudde, L. (1997). ‘XTC is nog
Page 170 and 171: 2) The second research was carried
Page 172 and 173: Even so it is possible to make a di
Page 174 and 175: At the round table of social Analys
Page 176 and 177: 2. Press articles regarding ecstasy
Page 178 and 179: Comas Arnau D, Velázquez Andrés J
Page 180 and 181: 182estimulantes. p. 111-29.Salazar
Page 182 and 183: to the middle and upper classes. Th
Page 184 and 185: The culturally sensitive poly-consu
Page 186 and 187: SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CONSUMERS
Page 188 and 189: stereotype, there was also the mess
Page 190 and 191: their habitual environment, without
Page 192 and 193: experiment with drugs such as heroi
Page 194 and 195: This policy is being received very
Page 196 and 197: SPECIFIC EUROPEAN PREVENTIVE CAMPAI
Page 198 and 199: The material used was a triptych, c
Page 200 and 201: establishments. This first initiati
Page 202 and 203: The latest campaign which formed pa
Page 204 and 205: NETHERLANDSIn Holland, there have b
Page 206 and 207: Don’t force yourself to be always
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preventive strategies related to ec
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Within the harm minimisation strate
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11. PREVENTION PROPOSALSPREVENTION
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implied danger), but depending on w
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Despite the different policies on d
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12. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY001. Abric,
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031. Díaz, A., Barruti, M. and Don
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misuse. Addiction 89.068. Kandel, D
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102. O’Rourke, P.J. (1985) Tune i
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137. Ureña, M.M. and Serra, F. (19
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The interview will be semi-structur
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♦ which subjects are the most fre
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ANNEX 3QUESTIONNAIRE OF SOCIALREPRE
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06. Birthplace (city and country):-
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19. In the last three months, how m
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30. Have you taken any other substa
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Next sentences are about your prefe
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONSINSTRUCTIONSB
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ANNEX 4PROTOCOL TO RECRUIT THE DISC
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⇒ envelopes with stamp and addres
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I R E F R E AIREFREA is a european
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