Characteristics and social representation of ecstasy in Europe - Irefrea

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feel good”, “it causes euphoria and helps you to get on with people”, “it sharpensideas”...Graphic representation of consumers (C) in Coimbra3526ShynesssolutionLosecontrol171613Reasonableprice201731Great forparties24Realityevasion15Feel OK28Clarify13142619Keepsawake14Euphoric26Relax20House musiccomprehension21 181629ProblematicpeopleEasydrugSexualdisinhibition13Death46Produceaddicction32Depressive18No withoutprevention20Don't knowpillcomposition16No alcoholcombinedCONSUMERS (COIMBRA)We will now go on to analyse the question of how the exchange of items is effectedand the establishment of new relationships between items in order to establish if this hasany influences on the usual meaning and interpretation of the diagram in respect ofwhat happens in other countries.NEW CONNECTIONSThese new connections are established through the following items (the block wherethe item normally positions itself is shown in brackets):114
–“clean, easy to use drug and convenient” (effect) with “those who take ecstasydon’t drink at the same time” and with “the problem with ecstasy is that you don’tknow what you are taking” (problematic).–“relaxing” (effect) with “dangerous drug because it creates addiction” and with“leads to death” (problematic).–“sharpens ideas” (effect) with “depressive in the long term” (problematic).–“Reasonable price” (effect before) with “leads to death” and “dangerous drugbecause it creates addiction” (problematic).We see that none of the 4 items which have served to establish bridges between bothchains of representation are those which we could consider essential in the definition ofone or other block. For example, the fact that the item “ecstasy has a reasonable price”has associations with items which are normally in the area of the implied problematic,does not appear to change things much. Also “clean, easy to use drug and convenient”is a relatively neutral item and it should not surprise us that it is associated with itemsin the “problematic” block such as “those who take ecstasy don’t drink alcohol at thesame time” or “the problem is that you don’t know what you’re taking”.That “sharpens the ideas” which belongs to the “effects” block shows associationwith “depressive in the long term” may simply signify -bearing in mind that each itemis chosen in the contrary sense of belonging to two different blocks- that it is inagreement, that it sharpens ideas and that it rejects the idea that it produces depressions.“relaxes” is one of the less typical effects. In fact, it is one of the effects least chosen -we remind you that it is one of the questions in that part of the questionnaire dealingwith the characteristics of ecstasy consumption- with the exception of the Dutch samplewhere, once again, we see that it behaves differently. Therefore, its association with twothemes in the problematic block does not distort.ITEMS WHICH CHANGE THE BLOCKAmong the components which change its usual position are “with ecstasy you losecontrol” and “people who take ecstasy are people with problems” which go from theproblematic sector to the effects group. “loss of control” could be perfectly understoodas an effect -desirable even, for sensation seekers- fitting in perfectly with the otheritems in the group. Simply, it is an item which stops being thought of in terms ofproblematic and goes on to become, more or less, an effect. We can find lessexplanation for the change in position of the second item “people who take ecstasy arepeople with problems”.“Reasonable price” gives up its associations with the items that form the “effects”group attributable to ecstasy and becomes part of the problematic block (of the threeassociation, there are two with items from the problematic point of view). We believethat it is not a very emblematic component and its partial association with theproblematic does not compromise the group.115
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ORGANISATIONS AND NATIONAL RESEARCH
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This volume is dedicated very speci
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PRESENTATIONIt’s a great pleasure
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INDEXPág.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . .
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1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DESIGNER DRUGS,
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the most widely used because its ef
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All this led to the famous English
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had used it in the preceding month.
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had used ecstasy or a similar subst
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school population found a prevalenc
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isk factors among adolescents (Cala
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make quantitative what is qualitati
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concentrated in ecstasy use. A stud
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the others versions but with less i
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3. SAMPLE DESIGN AND FIELD WORK3.1.
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Two different methods were suggeste
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according to drug use level. Finall
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We came into contact with eight ind
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4. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUNDINTRO
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We did not think it would be necess
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STUDY LEVEL (% on global sample; %
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In Utrecht, most of the young peopl
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SUMMARYWe remind again that, in spi
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This classification will be used fr
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Montagne, 1992) or Rimini, in Italy
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RELIGION PRACTITIONER (% on global
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It stands out the high percentage o
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Amphetamines are often used with fr
Page 62 and 63: In the Utrecht sample, however, alt
Page 64 and 65: GLOBAL SAMPLE ANSWERSThe most popul
Page 66 and 67: These data are interesting in order
Page 68 and 69: WITH WHOM TO CONSUME ECSTASY? (In %
Page 70 and 71: As we have already seen in other ta
Page 73 and 74: 6. SENSATION SEEKING SCALE (SSS)6.1
Page 75 and 76: correlation’s varies in function
Page 77 and 78: consumers sample comprises individu
Page 79 and 80: DISINHIBITION (DIS)Modena, Palma an
Page 81 and 82: y the non-consumer groups. In addit
Page 83 and 84: Once again, on the Boredom Suscepti
Page 85: this new scale. The individuals bel
Page 88 and 89: Still following psychoanalysis, Koh
Page 90 and 91: seeking scale, the hypotheses for t
Page 92 and 93: SDS results according to sexSexPunc
Page 94 and 95: understanding and explaining realit
Page 96 and 97: there would be two more or less dif
Page 98 and 99: RELATION BETWEEN ECSTASY AND SEXThe
Page 100 and 101: of medicaments. In fact, they are p
Page 102 and 103: In any case, it is true indeed that
Page 104 and 105: Well aware that these interpretatio
Page 106 and 107: with others, facilitates being able
Page 108 and 109: 8.3.2. Social Representation in the
Page 110 and 111: with problems”, “the problem wi
Page 114 and 115: Therefore, and taking into account
Page 116 and 117: appear in the diagram, as they have
Page 118 and 119: as one of the reasons for taking ec
Page 120 and 121: In the C diagram we see distributio
Page 122 and 123: shy people” and “escape from re
Page 124 and 125: We believe the adequate way of inte
Page 126 and 127: In the C group there are five compo
Page 128 and 129: ecause ecstasy use is connected wit
Page 130 and 131: Nowadays, three studies are being c
Page 132 and 133: can become addictive conducts and h
Page 134 and 135: therapeutic virtues that have been
Page 136 and 137: CESDIP/CNRS, Centre d’Etudes et d
Page 138 and 139: The Interior Ministry considers tha
Page 140 and 141: In spite of the methodological limi
Page 142 and 143: directed at investigating the quali
Page 144 and 145: follows; 60 % hash/marihuana, 11% e
Page 146 and 147: The results highlighted that respon
Page 148 and 149: young people interviewed considered
Page 150 and 151: In the last few years, however, in
Page 152 and 153: 04) Ensuring that water is availabl
Page 154 and 155: ♦ Zini G., Indagine sul consumo d
Page 156 and 157: Ossebaard, H.C. (1996). Drugspreven
Page 158 and 159: From the secondary school populatio
Page 160 and 161: Huizer, H. (1996). Rapport over het
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A related theme is to describe toda
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Verhulst, J. (1996). XTC kan altijd
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Because this review is meant to giv
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170Mudde, L. (1997). ‘XTC is nog
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2) The second research was carried
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Even so it is possible to make a di
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At the round table of social Analys
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2. Press articles regarding ecstasy
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Comas Arnau D, Velázquez Andrés J
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182estimulantes. p. 111-29.Salazar
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to the middle and upper classes. Th
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The culturally sensitive poly-consu
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CONSUMERS
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stereotype, there was also the mess
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their habitual environment, without
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experiment with drugs such as heroi
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This policy is being received very
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SPECIFIC EUROPEAN PREVENTIVE CAMPAI
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The material used was a triptych, c
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establishments. This first initiati
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The latest campaign which formed pa
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NETHERLANDSIn Holland, there have b
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Don’t force yourself to be always
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preventive strategies related to ec
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Within the harm minimisation strate
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11. PREVENTION PROPOSALSPREVENTION
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implied danger), but depending on w
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Despite the different policies on d
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12. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY001. Abric,
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031. Díaz, A., Barruti, M. and Don
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misuse. Addiction 89.068. Kandel, D
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102. O’Rourke, P.J. (1985) Tune i
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137. Ureña, M.M. and Serra, F. (19
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The interview will be semi-structur
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♦ which subjects are the most fre
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ANNEX 3QUESTIONNAIRE OF SOCIALREPRE
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06. Birthplace (city and country):-
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19. In the last three months, how m
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30. Have you taken any other substa
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Next sentences are about your prefe
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONSINSTRUCTIONSB
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ANNEX 4PROTOCOL TO RECRUIT THE DISC
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⇒ envelopes with stamp and addres
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I R E F R E AIREFREA is a european
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