Characteristics and social representation of ecstasy in Europe - Irefrea

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170Mudde, L. (1997). ‘XTC is nog nooit de enige doodsoorzaak geweest’. UtrechtsUniversiteitsblad, 18 september.Münstermann, R., W.P. Herngreen (1997). NOX. Noord-Limburgs onderzoek XTC.Verslag van het gezamenlijk onderzoek van CAD en GGD naar de aard enomvang van XTC-gebruik onder jongeren in Noord-Limburg.Nabben, T., D.J. Korf (1997). Panel study on new drug trends in drug use inAmsterdam. In: Korf, D., H. Riper (red.) Illicit Drug Use in Europe. Amsterdam:UvA, SISWO.Ossebaard, H.C. (1996). House, nou en...! Tijdschrift Gezondheids Voorlichting,13,3, p.24-25.Ossebaard, H.C. (1996). Drugspreventie en illegaliteit. Tijdschrift GezondheidsVoorlichting, 13, 6, p.19-21.Ossebaard, H., N. Maalsté (1997). De dans om de pil. 0_25, 4, p.28-32.Post, P. (1994). XTC is levensgevaarlijk. Panorama, 35, 81, p.58-62.van Ree, J.M. (1995). De farmacologie van verslaving. Nederlands Tijdschrift voorGeneeskunde, 139, 50, p.2610-2613.van Roon, E.N., M.G. Pelders, A.C.G. Egberts (1997). Nieuwe trends indrugsgebruik onder jongeren. Pharmaceutisch Weekblad, 132, 14, p.447-452.Roskamp, H. (1996). Liquid love. Blvd. Drugs, 4, p. 30-31.van Rossum, M. (1994). De bittere pil. HP/De Tijd, 7, p.16-19.Rot, J. (1996). ‘De tafel vol vinyl en we zien wel’. Nieuwe Revu, 14 augustus - 21augustus.Rottenberg, H. (1997). ‘Steeds meer rommel wordt verkocht als XTC.’ DeVolkskrant, 17 september.Sandwijk, J.P., P.D.A. Cohen, S. Musterd en M.P.S. Langemeijer (1995). Licit andillicit drug use in Amsterdam II. Amsterdam, Instituut voo Sociale Geografie.Schippers, G.M., T.G. Broekman (1997). Alcohol, drugs, and tobacco research 1995-1996. Register of research in the netherlands and flanders on the use, the users,and the effects of alcohol, drugs, and tobacco in 1995-1996. Meppel: Krips.van Silfhout, M. (1997). XTC: Legaliseren èn ontmoedigen graag. UtrechtsNieuwsblad, 27 september.Spruit, I.P. (1997). XTC in Nederland. Een samenvatting van de bevindingen van zesprojecten. Den Haag: Sdu, Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport.Thijssen, W. (1997). ‘Die enorme leegte als je een keer niks gebruikt’. DeVolkskrant, 30 mei.Verhulst, J. (1996). XTC kan altijd kwaad. Eindhovens Dagblad, 4 september.Vermeulen, F. (1992). Houseparty’s krijgen een verkeerd etiket. Het Parool, 21 februari.Vollaard, H. (1997). XTC. Een heel prettig, ontspannend middel. Pan ForumAmsterdam, 5, p.2-5.van de Wijngaart, G., R. Braam, D. De Bruin, M. Fris, N. Maalsté, H. Verbraeck(1997). Ecstasy in het uitgaanscircuit. Een sociaal-epidemiologisch onderzoeknaar de aard, omvang en risico’s van het gebruik van XTC en andereuitgaansdrugs op houseparty’s. Utrecht: Brouwer Uithof BV.
de Zwart, W.M., H. Stam, S.B.M. Kuipers (1997). Kerngegevens. Roken, drinken,drugsgebruik en gokken onder scholieren vanaf 10 jaar. Utrecht: Trimbosinstituut.z.a. (1992). Kamer wil einde aan houseparty’s. Telegraaf, 27 februari.z.a. (1996). Helft XTC is onzuiver. Utrechts Nieuwsblad, 13 juli.z.a. (1997). ‘Houseparty in Thialf verbieden’. Leeuwardse Courant, 27 sept.8.4.4. Results of the documentary research in PortugalEPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIESThere is little information concerning the situation of use of ecstasy in Portugal.However we call special attention to two studies on this subject done in the last 2 years(1995 to 1997):1) A group of students of the “Universidade Nova de Lisboa”, who were studyingPublic Health in “Faculdade de Ciencias Sociais e Humanas”, made a research with asample of 455 youngsters between 15 and 25 years old (1995).This work aimed to evaluate how much Portuguese Students between 18 and 25knew about ecstasy, their opinion about it and if they had used it. So, the objectives wereto know about:• How much people knew about that drug, its effects, tolerance, how to use it andthe risks associated with its consumption.The opinions people have about theconsumption of Ecstasy.• To evaluate its consumption we want to study the prevalence of consumers in thestudied group, their characterisation, places, they buy it or use it and the price ofEcstasy, its frequency of consumption and probable association with other drugs.Results and conclusions:–Although most of the inquired had already heard about this drug, its effects andhow to use it, only a small percentage knew about its evil effects.–Potential consumers also have no knowledge of the risks associated withconsumption. So we fear a rise of consumption with an evolution to internationallevels.–It is urgent to intervene with informative and pedagogical action among youngstersin order to alert them for the risks of Ecstasy.–In our population universe we obtained a prevalence of 5,3% of consumption. Theplaces where it is mostly used (discos, bars) have to do with the effects people wantto have with its consumption.–The profile of our consumer is a male youngster between 22 and 25 years of agewho buys Ecstasy in discos or through friends, who knows nothing about the risksinvolved and pays between 5.000$00 and 7.500$00 for a doses using it usually inassociation with other drugs.171
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ORGANISATIONS AND NATIONAL RESEARCH
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This volume is dedicated very speci
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PRESENTATIONIt’s a great pleasure
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INDEXPág.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . .
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1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DESIGNER DRUGS,
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the most widely used because its ef
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All this led to the famous English
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had used it in the preceding month.
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had used ecstasy or a similar subst
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school population found a prevalenc
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isk factors among adolescents (Cala
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make quantitative what is qualitati
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concentrated in ecstasy use. A stud
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the others versions but with less i
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3. SAMPLE DESIGN AND FIELD WORK3.1.
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Two different methods were suggeste
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according to drug use level. Finall
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We came into contact with eight ind
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4. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUNDINTRO
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We did not think it would be necess
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STUDY LEVEL (% on global sample; %
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In Utrecht, most of the young peopl
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SUMMARYWe remind again that, in spi
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This classification will be used fr
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Montagne, 1992) or Rimini, in Italy
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RELIGION PRACTITIONER (% on global
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It stands out the high percentage o
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Amphetamines are often used with fr
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In the Utrecht sample, however, alt
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GLOBAL SAMPLE ANSWERSThe most popul
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These data are interesting in order
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WITH WHOM TO CONSUME ECSTASY? (In %
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As we have already seen in other ta
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6. SENSATION SEEKING SCALE (SSS)6.1
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correlation’s varies in function
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consumers sample comprises individu
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DISINHIBITION (DIS)Modena, Palma an
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y the non-consumer groups. In addit
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Once again, on the Boredom Suscepti
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this new scale. The individuals bel
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Still following psychoanalysis, Koh
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seeking scale, the hypotheses for t
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SDS results according to sexSexPunc
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understanding and explaining realit
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there would be two more or less dif
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RELATION BETWEEN ECSTASY AND SEXThe
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of medicaments. In fact, they are p
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In any case, it is true indeed that
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Well aware that these interpretatio
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with others, facilitates being able
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8.3.2. Social Representation in the
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with problems”, “the problem wi
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feel good”, “it causes euphoria
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Therefore, and taking into account
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appear in the diagram, as they have
Page 118 and 119: as one of the reasons for taking ec
Page 120 and 121: In the C diagram we see distributio
Page 122 and 123: shy people” and “escape from re
Page 124 and 125: We believe the adequate way of inte
Page 126 and 127: In the C group there are five compo
Page 128 and 129: ecause ecstasy use is connected wit
Page 130 and 131: Nowadays, three studies are being c
Page 132 and 133: can become addictive conducts and h
Page 134 and 135: therapeutic virtues that have been
Page 136 and 137: CESDIP/CNRS, Centre d’Etudes et d
Page 138 and 139: The Interior Ministry considers tha
Page 140 and 141: In spite of the methodological limi
Page 142 and 143: directed at investigating the quali
Page 144 and 145: follows; 60 % hash/marihuana, 11% e
Page 146 and 147: The results highlighted that respon
Page 148 and 149: young people interviewed considered
Page 150 and 151: In the last few years, however, in
Page 152 and 153: 04) Ensuring that water is availabl
Page 154 and 155: ♦ Zini G., Indagine sul consumo d
Page 156 and 157: Ossebaard, H.C. (1996). Drugspreven
Page 158 and 159: From the secondary school populatio
Page 160 and 161: Huizer, H. (1996). Rapport over het
Page 162 and 163: A related theme is to describe toda
Page 164 and 165: Verhulst, J. (1996). XTC kan altijd
Page 166 and 167: Because this review is meant to giv
Page 170 and 171: 2) The second research was carried
Page 172 and 173: Even so it is possible to make a di
Page 174 and 175: At the round table of social Analys
Page 176 and 177: 2. Press articles regarding ecstasy
Page 178 and 179: Comas Arnau D, Velázquez Andrés J
Page 180 and 181: 182estimulantes. p. 111-29.Salazar
Page 182 and 183: to the middle and upper classes. Th
Page 184 and 185: The culturally sensitive poly-consu
Page 186 and 187: SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CONSUMERS
Page 188 and 189: stereotype, there was also the mess
Page 190 and 191: their habitual environment, without
Page 192 and 193: experiment with drugs such as heroi
Page 194 and 195: This policy is being received very
Page 196 and 197: SPECIFIC EUROPEAN PREVENTIVE CAMPAI
Page 198 and 199: The material used was a triptych, c
Page 200 and 201: establishments. This first initiati
Page 202 and 203: The latest campaign which formed pa
Page 204 and 205: NETHERLANDSIn Holland, there have b
Page 206 and 207: Don’t force yourself to be always
Page 208 and 209: preventive strategies related to ec
Page 210 and 211: Within the harm minimisation strate
Page 213 and 214: 11. PREVENTION PROPOSALSPREVENTION
Page 215 and 216: implied danger), but depending on w
Page 217 and 218: Despite the different policies on d
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12. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY001. Abric,
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031. Díaz, A., Barruti, M. and Don
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misuse. Addiction 89.068. Kandel, D
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102. O’Rourke, P.J. (1985) Tune i
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137. Ureña, M.M. and Serra, F. (19
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The interview will be semi-structur
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♦ which subjects are the most fre
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ANNEX 3QUESTIONNAIRE OF SOCIALREPRE
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06. Birthplace (city and country):-
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19. In the last three months, how m
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30. Have you taken any other substa
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Next sentences are about your prefe
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONSINSTRUCTIONSB
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ANNEX 4PROTOCOL TO RECRUIT THE DISC
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⇒ envelopes with stamp and addres
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I R E F R E AIREFREA is a european
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