Characteristics and social representation of ecstasy in Europe - Irefrea

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• Smoking had a significant correlation in men, but not in women. All those whohad the highest punctuation in SSS were great smokers.• There were not relevant correlation for alcohol and coffee.In another study, it was again investigated the SSS with sexual experience and drugs.These were the results:• Sexual and drug use experience correlate between them so intensely as with the ESsubscale. This suggests both are characteristics of the sensations seeking as a rule.• Alcohol use is connected with other drugs and sex only among women.• The highest alcohol use is not found among those who punctuate high in sensationsseeking, but among those who have an mean punctuation. Among women, thepercentage of alcohol users among high sensations seekers decreases, while itincreases among low sensations seekers. The author has the hypothesis that, asthere is such a proliferation of drugs in the university, high sensations seekersprefer illegal drugs to alcohol, while low sensations seekers prefer alcohol. Theyalso think it is due to the fact that sensations seekers prefer stimulant drugs. Theyconsider certain common drugs such as cannabis or alcohol will becomecharacteristics of sensations seeking. “The sensation seeker is always looking forsomething new”.The only study found that connects specifically Zuckerman SSS and ecstasy is aSpanish research (Villa Canal et al. 1996) about a group of ecstasy users belonging tothe subculture “after-hours”. The sample of the population studied was composed by 17young people, living in Asturias. The method used to get the sample was the snowballtechnique, starting with those individuals who were in judicial processes connectedwith MDMA traffic during 1994. All interviewees followed the sensations seekerstandard. In the total scale 82,4% obtained a punctuation above the mean of the generalpopulation. The subscale with the highest punctuation was BS (88,3%). All womenpunctuated above the mean of the general population in subscales DIS and BS. Men didit in subscales ES and BS. As comparative sample, it was used the study of Pérez andTorrubia (1986) for the Spanish general population.6.2. RESULTS SENSATION SEEKINGAs we saw in the preceding bibliographic review, several surveys have shown thatsensation seeking is related to drug use, so it is to be expected that consumers scorehigher than non-consumers on the scales measuring this variable.Before interpreting the difference between consumers and non-consumers, we haveto take into account certain characteristics of the samples used in this survey. The non-78
consumers sample comprises individuals who do not take ecstasy but may be takinganother type of drug. In fact, analysis of the consumption variables (see chapter 5)shows us that non-consumers also make use of drugs, notably alcohol and cannabis. Theecstasy consumers sample, for its part, comprises individuals who consume other typesof drug -multiconsumers in other words-and, in addition, who consume them withgreater frequency than the non ecstasy consumer group.Therefore, the difference between the non-consumers and consumers sample is notonly that the former do not use ecstasy and the latter do but that, in general, theindividuals in the ecstasy non-consumer sample use drugs with a lower frequency thanthose in the ecstasy consumers sample.Below, we give the results of the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS) and the differentsubscales that it comprises in respect of the four variables:1. Country.2. Sample type.3. Consumer group.4. Sex.In order to ascertain the significance of the differences between the mean scoreresulting from the analysis broken down by country, sample type and consumer group,several parametric tests and the non-parametric test by Kruskal Wallis were carried out.The table shows the values obtained for this latter test, in that some sub-scales do notgive the implications necessary for the comparison of the means with parametric testsand this type of non-parametric test is the most appropriate.In order to find the differences in mean scores in respect of sex, an analysis wasapplied of mean differences based on the variance.6.2.1. SSS scores for the overall sample by country.In this section, the mean scores of each city were calculated and compared for theoverall sample (all the people interviewed in each city). In order to be able to betterexplain the origin of the difference between the various cities, the results have beencompleted with a factorial analysis between the type of consumer variable and thecountry variable, so that, in this way, we can justify some of the differences thatappear.We have considered 5 types of consumers; non-consumers of ecstasy (practicallyhalf the sample), occasional or experimental consumers, habitual, compulsives and exconsumers.79
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ORGANISATIONS AND NATIONAL RESEARCH
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This volume is dedicated very speci
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PRESENTATIONIt’s a great pleasure
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INDEXPág.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . .
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1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DESIGNER DRUGS,
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the most widely used because its ef
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All this led to the famous English
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had used it in the preceding month.
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had used ecstasy or a similar subst
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school population found a prevalenc
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isk factors among adolescents (Cala
Page 26 and 27: make quantitative what is qualitati
Page 28 and 29: concentrated in ecstasy use. A stud
Page 30 and 31: the others versions but with less i
Page 33 and 34: 3. SAMPLE DESIGN AND FIELD WORK3.1.
Page 35 and 36: Two different methods were suggeste
Page 37 and 38: according to drug use level. Finall
Page 39 and 40: We came into contact with eight ind
Page 41 and 42: 4. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUNDINTRO
Page 43 and 44: We did not think it would be necess
Page 45 and 46: STUDY LEVEL (% on global sample; %
Page 47 and 48: In Utrecht, most of the young peopl
Page 49: SUMMARYWe remind again that, in spi
Page 52 and 53: This classification will be used fr
Page 54 and 55: Montagne, 1992) or Rimini, in Italy
Page 56 and 57: RELIGION PRACTITIONER (% on global
Page 58 and 59: It stands out the high percentage o
Page 60 and 61: Amphetamines are often used with fr
Page 62 and 63: In the Utrecht sample, however, alt
Page 64 and 65: GLOBAL SAMPLE ANSWERSThe most popul
Page 66 and 67: These data are interesting in order
Page 68 and 69: WITH WHOM TO CONSUME ECSTASY? (In %
Page 70 and 71: As we have already seen in other ta
Page 73 and 74: 6. SENSATION SEEKING SCALE (SSS)6.1
Page 75: correlation’s varies in function
Page 79 and 80: DISINHIBITION (DIS)Modena, Palma an
Page 81 and 82: y the non-consumer groups. In addit
Page 83 and 84: Once again, on the Boredom Suscepti
Page 85: this new scale. The individuals bel
Page 88 and 89: Still following psychoanalysis, Koh
Page 90 and 91: seeking scale, the hypotheses for t
Page 92 and 93: SDS results according to sexSexPunc
Page 94 and 95: understanding and explaining realit
Page 96 and 97: there would be two more or less dif
Page 98 and 99: RELATION BETWEEN ECSTASY AND SEXThe
Page 100 and 101: of medicaments. In fact, they are p
Page 102 and 103: In any case, it is true indeed that
Page 104 and 105: Well aware that these interpretatio
Page 106 and 107: with others, facilitates being able
Page 108 and 109: 8.3.2. Social Representation in the
Page 110 and 111: with problems”, “the problem wi
Page 112 and 113: feel good”, “it causes euphoria
Page 114 and 115: Therefore, and taking into account
Page 116 and 117: appear in the diagram, as they have
Page 118 and 119: as one of the reasons for taking ec
Page 120 and 121: In the C diagram we see distributio
Page 122 and 123: shy people” and “escape from re
Page 124 and 125: We believe the adequate way of inte
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In the C group there are five compo
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ecause ecstasy use is connected wit
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Nowadays, three studies are being c
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can become addictive conducts and h
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therapeutic virtues that have been
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CESDIP/CNRS, Centre d’Etudes et d
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The Interior Ministry considers tha
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In spite of the methodological limi
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directed at investigating the quali
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follows; 60 % hash/marihuana, 11% e
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The results highlighted that respon
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young people interviewed considered
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In the last few years, however, in
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04) Ensuring that water is availabl
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♦ Zini G., Indagine sul consumo d
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Ossebaard, H.C. (1996). Drugspreven
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From the secondary school populatio
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Huizer, H. (1996). Rapport over het
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A related theme is to describe toda
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Verhulst, J. (1996). XTC kan altijd
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Because this review is meant to giv
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170Mudde, L. (1997). ‘XTC is nog
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2) The second research was carried
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Even so it is possible to make a di
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At the round table of social Analys
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2. Press articles regarding ecstasy
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Comas Arnau D, Velázquez Andrés J
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182estimulantes. p. 111-29.Salazar
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to the middle and upper classes. Th
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The culturally sensitive poly-consu
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CONSUMERS
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stereotype, there was also the mess
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their habitual environment, without
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experiment with drugs such as heroi
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This policy is being received very
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SPECIFIC EUROPEAN PREVENTIVE CAMPAI
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The material used was a triptych, c
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establishments. This first initiati
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The latest campaign which formed pa
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NETHERLANDSIn Holland, there have b
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Don’t force yourself to be always
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preventive strategies related to ec
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Within the harm minimisation strate
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11. PREVENTION PROPOSALSPREVENTION
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implied danger), but depending on w
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Despite the different policies on d
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12. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY001. Abric,
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031. Díaz, A., Barruti, M. and Don
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misuse. Addiction 89.068. Kandel, D
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102. O’Rourke, P.J. (1985) Tune i
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137. Ureña, M.M. and Serra, F. (19
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The interview will be semi-structur
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♦ which subjects are the most fre
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ANNEX 3QUESTIONNAIRE OF SOCIALREPRE
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06. Birthplace (city and country):-
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19. In the last three months, how m
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30. Have you taken any other substa
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Next sentences are about your prefe
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONSINSTRUCTIONSB
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ANNEX 4PROTOCOL TO RECRUIT THE DISC
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⇒ envelopes with stamp and addres
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I R E F R E AIREFREA is a european
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