Characteristics and social representation of ecstasy in Europe - Irefrea

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8.3.2. Social Representation in the global sampleWe would remind you that the overall sample comprises all the individual consumersor non-consumers interviewed in the 5 cities which participated in this survey.Combined treatment of all the samples is theoretically possible as similar selectionmethods were followed in each city (chapter 3). There is no doubt that there weredeviations from the original instructions on occasions, as we explained in thedescription of the samples but we believe that the overall sample may be used with thesame limitations as those we used in the samples of each city. We are perfectly awarethat we are not dealing with representative samples but we feel that both the scope ofthe sample in each city as well as the methodology used to reach the individuals allowsus to speak with a certain authority on the data collected, always within the context ofa qualitative methodology. And finally, that the behaviour of the overall sample hasparallels with the samples of each city which encourages us to take this overall approachto facilitate explanation.Graphic representation of non-consumers (NC) in the global sample12Nowithoutprevention8Don't knowpillcompositionDeath6162516Depressive78Losecontrol3127Realityevasion9ProduceaddictionProblematic peopleSexualdisinhibitionShynesssolution88129House musiccomprehension6Euphoric 81423 24288Great forparties1517Keep awakeNo alcoholcombinedFeel OK14Clarify66RelaxEdasydrug9ReasonablepriceNON CONSUMERS GLOBAL110
The 20 components comprise part of the diagram of our overall NC sampledistributed in the two blocks (one centred on the effects and the other centred on thedangers) which we have just described. On the one hand, we can see the unequivocalpositioning of the NC supporting the danger of these drugs with a central nucleus ofthree components, “ecstasy can cause death”, “it is a dangerous drug because it leads toaddiction” and “with ecstasy you lose control”. Associated with these items are theother components that traditionally form this representation, “it has a depressive effectin the long term”, “taking it without taking preventive measure is dangerous”, “peoplewho take it are people with problems”, etc. These two last variables are the onlyconnections with the other block.In effect, there are two variables in this block each with significant relationships,although not close ones, with the other two variables in the other block, “people whotake it are people with problems” is associated with rejecting “ecstasy is a solution forshy people” whereas “taking ecstasy without taking preventive measures” is related tonot being in agreement with “people who take ecstasy do not drink alcohol at the sametime”. As we can see, there are no connections between the variables that define themost stable nucleus of each of the two blocks and we can consider that these twoassociations do not mean rethinking the meaning of each block.The strongest connection between the blocks on effects is between the variable“ecstasy makes you feel good” and “ecstasy is great for parties, you can keep going allnight”. A strong association between these two variables is repeated frequently in thesamples from other cities. Other important associations are with the variables “it makesyou stay awake” “it causes euphoria and helps you to get on with people”, “it allows youto understand House music”, “it’s a clean drug, easy to use and convenient”, etc. Wewould remind you that the NC group are positioned against the search for these effects.The diagram with a significance of 5% is positioned with a Kendal Tau-b value ofS=6. The significance value is so low because of the high number of individuals thatparticipated in the analysis (n=548 individuals), so that the diagram with this level ofsignificance is excessively complex to interpret. This is the reason why we decided toraise the significance level to a value of S=9 where three different blocks are formed.Certain significant relationships between the variables are eliminated from therepresentation in this way but basically the interpretation which we are giving to thediagram does not change. We can see, in this way, the two typical large blocks, the oneformed around the “problematic view of ecstasy” and the “position which is taken onthe effects”. Two items form a mini-block.The block on the problematic view of ecstasy is formed on the basis of therelationship between those items concerned with this. The positioning of the C grouprejects this view The nucleus of items with more powerful connections between themare formed by “ecstasy may cause death”, “it’s a dangerous drug because it causesaddiction”, “taking ecstasy without taking preventive measures is dangerous” and “withecstasy you lose control”. The group of 8 items in this chain is completed with 4 othercomponents “it has a depressive effect in the long term”, “people who take it are people111
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ORGANISATIONS AND NATIONAL RESEARCH
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This volume is dedicated very speci
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PRESENTATIONIt’s a great pleasure
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INDEXPág.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . .
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1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DESIGNER DRUGS,
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the most widely used because its ef
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All this led to the famous English
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had used it in the preceding month.
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had used ecstasy or a similar subst
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school population found a prevalenc
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isk factors among adolescents (Cala
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make quantitative what is qualitati
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concentrated in ecstasy use. A stud
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the others versions but with less i
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3. SAMPLE DESIGN AND FIELD WORK3.1.
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Two different methods were suggeste
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according to drug use level. Finall
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We came into contact with eight ind
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4. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUNDINTRO
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We did not think it would be necess
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STUDY LEVEL (% on global sample; %
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In Utrecht, most of the young peopl
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SUMMARYWe remind again that, in spi
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This classification will be used fr
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Montagne, 1992) or Rimini, in Italy
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RELIGION PRACTITIONER (% on global
Page 58 and 59: It stands out the high percentage o
Page 60 and 61: Amphetamines are often used with fr
Page 62 and 63: In the Utrecht sample, however, alt
Page 64 and 65: GLOBAL SAMPLE ANSWERSThe most popul
Page 66 and 67: These data are interesting in order
Page 68 and 69: WITH WHOM TO CONSUME ECSTASY? (In %
Page 70 and 71: As we have already seen in other ta
Page 73 and 74: 6. SENSATION SEEKING SCALE (SSS)6.1
Page 75 and 76: correlation’s varies in function
Page 77 and 78: consumers sample comprises individu
Page 79 and 80: DISINHIBITION (DIS)Modena, Palma an
Page 81 and 82: y the non-consumer groups. In addit
Page 83 and 84: Once again, on the Boredom Suscepti
Page 85: this new scale. The individuals bel
Page 88 and 89: Still following psychoanalysis, Koh
Page 90 and 91: seeking scale, the hypotheses for t
Page 92 and 93: SDS results according to sexSexPunc
Page 94 and 95: understanding and explaining realit
Page 96 and 97: there would be two more or less dif
Page 98 and 99: RELATION BETWEEN ECSTASY AND SEXThe
Page 100 and 101: of medicaments. In fact, they are p
Page 102 and 103: In any case, it is true indeed that
Page 104 and 105: Well aware that these interpretatio
Page 106 and 107: with others, facilitates being able
Page 110 and 111: with problems”, “the problem wi
Page 112 and 113: feel good”, “it causes euphoria
Page 114 and 115: Therefore, and taking into account
Page 116 and 117: appear in the diagram, as they have
Page 118 and 119: as one of the reasons for taking ec
Page 120 and 121: In the C diagram we see distributio
Page 122 and 123: shy people” and “escape from re
Page 124 and 125: We believe the adequate way of inte
Page 126 and 127: In the C group there are five compo
Page 128 and 129: ecause ecstasy use is connected wit
Page 130 and 131: Nowadays, three studies are being c
Page 132 and 133: can become addictive conducts and h
Page 134 and 135: therapeutic virtues that have been
Page 136 and 137: CESDIP/CNRS, Centre d’Etudes et d
Page 138 and 139: The Interior Ministry considers tha
Page 140 and 141: In spite of the methodological limi
Page 142 and 143: directed at investigating the quali
Page 144 and 145: follows; 60 % hash/marihuana, 11% e
Page 146 and 147: The results highlighted that respon
Page 148 and 149: young people interviewed considered
Page 150 and 151: In the last few years, however, in
Page 152 and 153: 04) Ensuring that water is availabl
Page 154 and 155: ♦ Zini G., Indagine sul consumo d
Page 156 and 157: Ossebaard, H.C. (1996). Drugspreven
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From the secondary school populatio
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Huizer, H. (1996). Rapport over het
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A related theme is to describe toda
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Verhulst, J. (1996). XTC kan altijd
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Because this review is meant to giv
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170Mudde, L. (1997). ‘XTC is nog
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2) The second research was carried
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Even so it is possible to make a di
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At the round table of social Analys
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2. Press articles regarding ecstasy
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Comas Arnau D, Velázquez Andrés J
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182estimulantes. p. 111-29.Salazar
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to the middle and upper classes. Th
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The culturally sensitive poly-consu
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CONSUMERS
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stereotype, there was also the mess
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their habitual environment, without
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experiment with drugs such as heroi
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This policy is being received very
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SPECIFIC EUROPEAN PREVENTIVE CAMPAI
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The material used was a triptych, c
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establishments. This first initiati
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The latest campaign which formed pa
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NETHERLANDSIn Holland, there have b
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Don’t force yourself to be always
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preventive strategies related to ec
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Within the harm minimisation strate
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11. PREVENTION PROPOSALSPREVENTION
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implied danger), but depending on w
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Despite the different policies on d
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12. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY001. Abric,
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031. Díaz, A., Barruti, M. and Don
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misuse. Addiction 89.068. Kandel, D
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102. O’Rourke, P.J. (1985) Tune i
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137. Ureña, M.M. and Serra, F. (19
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The interview will be semi-structur
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♦ which subjects are the most fre
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ANNEX 3QUESTIONNAIRE OF SOCIALREPRE
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06. Birthplace (city and country):-
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19. In the last three months, how m
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30. Have you taken any other substa
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Next sentences are about your prefe
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONSINSTRUCTIONSB
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ANNEX 4PROTOCOL TO RECRUIT THE DISC
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⇒ envelopes with stamp and addres
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I R E F R E AIREFREA is a european
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