Characteristics and social representation of ecstasy in Europe - Irefrea

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04) Ensuring that water is available.05) Envisaging the presence of first aid personnel.06) Evaluation of the possibility of placing health personnel in the macrodiscos.07) Provision of areas to attend to people in an altered state.08) Prevention of alcohol abuse by a correct pricing policy and stopping sales, 1 or2 hours before closing.09) Fixing closing hours for all establishments in order to prevent the emigrationphenomenon.10) Encouraging entry to discos between 22.00 and 24.00 hrs.11) Encouraging the use of public utilities and the possibilities of staying overnightclose by the discos.12) Envisaging a small percentage of the admission price being used to financeprevention campaigns.13) Envisaging annual training courses for disco personnel on substance effects andthe interventions which can be carried out.A subsequent objective of the project concerns the re-introduction of the operativemodalities of the services with the creation of specifically orientated groups, alwayswith the aim of monitoring the psychiatric changes in young people. It is essential toavoid Treatment and Rehabilitation Centres being identified as ideal services where tosend young people with these problems in order to avoid these young people beingstigmatized as drug-addicts.Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre personnel would be able to go out to meet thesepatients in different places such as juvenile centres, disco, pubs, for example. Theobjective is not to create new services but to provide assistance, in other words workerstrained specifically to confront the problematic of these young users.A great part of these initiatives is already being carried out in our country, at leastin the industrialised regions in the north of Italy where there is the highest concentrationof discos. They are, in many cases, experimental initiatives, carried out autonomouslyby each service, volunteer groups and social centre but with the aim of promoting coordinationof interventions to provide a more widespread diffusion in the country.The preventive campaigns include videos (with interviews with users describing thedetrimental effects), posters, informative leaflets, brochures, etc. In addition, they arethe results of local initiatives and often have a wide diffusion among the juvenilepopulation. The quality of the material is being progressively adapted to the demandsfor this type of campaign whose target group is the population fringe of the very youngwhich is difficult to reach through the normal media (magazines, newspapers, televisionnews, etc.). Recently, with the assistance of the cultural intermediaries, informativeleaflets or brochures have been prepared using a language more in keeping with that ofits potential readers and with graphics conceived to attract attention. The socialrepresentation transmitted by these messages is somewhat neutral or does not involvepassing judgements on the substance or on the person using it although it is154
substantially aimed at underlining the possible danger and to informing young peopleon the measures to reduce the detrimental effects.BIBLIOGRAPHY♦ Ariano C., “Ecstasy - che cos’è e quali conseguenze”, in Le droghe ricreazionali.Ecstasy, cos’è? Quali le conseguenze?, Atti del Convegno, Thiene, 16 giugno1995).♦ Bagozzi F. (1996), Generazione in Ecstasy. Edizioni Gruppo Abele, Torino.♦ Benazzi F., Mazzoli M., Psychiatric illness associated with “ecstasy”, Lancet,338,14, 1991♦ Diana M., Azioni neuronali dell’amfetamina nel cervello di ratto, Boll.Farmacodip. E Alcoolis., XVIII; 1, 1995;♦ Libianchi S., Cordone M.N., Valutazione preliminare del consumo di ecstasy (edamfetaminosimili) in una popolazione di tossicodipendenti detenuti, Boll.Farmacodip. E Alcoolis., XVIII, 1, 1995;♦ Macchia T., Cioce A. M., Mancinelli R., M.D.M.A. ed altri amfetaminici: uso eabuso, Boll. Farmacodip. E Alcoolis., XVIII, 1, 1995;♦ MINISTERO dell’ INTERNO, Direzione Centrale per i Servizi Antidroga,Annuale nazionale, 1995.♦ Nizzoli U., “Ecstasy e sostanze psichedeliche”, in Atti della ConferenzaInternazionale, Bologna 18-19 novembre 1996.♦ Ravenna M., Palmonari A., Esperienze della discoteca: studio preliminare su uncampione di frequentatori occasionali, Atti della Conferenza Internazionale,Bologna 18-19 novembre 1996.♦ Ravenna M, Palmonari A., “Rappresentazioni di sè e dello “sballo”: studio su uncampione di giovani studenti”, in Atti della Conferenza Internazionale, Bologna18-19 novembre 1996.♦ Pallanti S., Mazzi D., MDMA (Ecstasy) precipitation of panic disorder, BiolPsychiatry, 1992,32.♦ Schifano F., Chronic atypical psychosis associated with MDMA (“Ecstasy”)misuse, Lancet, 338,23,1991.♦ Schifano F., Magni G., MDMA (“Ecstasy”) misuse: psychopathological featuresand craving for chocolate: a case series.♦ Schifano F., Ecstasy(MDMA): Aspetti epidemiologici e clinici dell’abuso, in E.Commodori (a cura di) “I comportamenti di abuso e gli stati di dipendenza:l’integrazione negli interventi”, pre-atti del II° Congresso nazionale della Societàitaliana per lo studio dei Comportamenti di Abuso e delle Dipendenze, 16-22giugno 1996.♦ Schifano F., Di Furia L., Forza G., Miconi L., Levarta E., Bricolo R., Aspetticlinici peculiari dell’abuso di M.D.M.A (“Ecstasy”), Boll. Farmacodip. EAlcoolis., XVIII, 1, 1995).155
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ORGANISATIONS AND NATIONAL RESEARCH
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This volume is dedicated very speci
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PRESENTATIONIt’s a great pleasure
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INDEXPág.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . .
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1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DESIGNER DRUGS,
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the most widely used because its ef
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All this led to the famous English
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had used it in the preceding month.
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had used ecstasy or a similar subst
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school population found a prevalenc
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isk factors among adolescents (Cala
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make quantitative what is qualitati
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concentrated in ecstasy use. A stud
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the others versions but with less i
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3. SAMPLE DESIGN AND FIELD WORK3.1.
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Two different methods were suggeste
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according to drug use level. Finall
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We came into contact with eight ind
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4. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUNDINTRO
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We did not think it would be necess
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STUDY LEVEL (% on global sample; %
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In Utrecht, most of the young peopl
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SUMMARYWe remind again that, in spi
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This classification will be used fr
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Montagne, 1992) or Rimini, in Italy
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RELIGION PRACTITIONER (% on global
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It stands out the high percentage o
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Amphetamines are often used with fr
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In the Utrecht sample, however, alt
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GLOBAL SAMPLE ANSWERSThe most popul
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These data are interesting in order
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WITH WHOM TO CONSUME ECSTASY? (In %
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As we have already seen in other ta
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6. SENSATION SEEKING SCALE (SSS)6.1
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correlation’s varies in function
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consumers sample comprises individu
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DISINHIBITION (DIS)Modena, Palma an
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y the non-consumer groups. In addit
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Once again, on the Boredom Suscepti
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this new scale. The individuals bel
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Still following psychoanalysis, Koh
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seeking scale, the hypotheses for t
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SDS results according to sexSexPunc
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understanding and explaining realit
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there would be two more or less dif
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RELATION BETWEEN ECSTASY AND SEXThe
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of medicaments. In fact, they are p
Page 102 and 103: In any case, it is true indeed that
Page 104 and 105: Well aware that these interpretatio
Page 106 and 107: with others, facilitates being able
Page 108 and 109: 8.3.2. Social Representation in the
Page 110 and 111: with problems”, “the problem wi
Page 112 and 113: feel good”, “it causes euphoria
Page 114 and 115: Therefore, and taking into account
Page 116 and 117: appear in the diagram, as they have
Page 118 and 119: as one of the reasons for taking ec
Page 120 and 121: In the C diagram we see distributio
Page 122 and 123: shy people” and “escape from re
Page 124 and 125: We believe the adequate way of inte
Page 126 and 127: In the C group there are five compo
Page 128 and 129: ecause ecstasy use is connected wit
Page 130 and 131: Nowadays, three studies are being c
Page 132 and 133: can become addictive conducts and h
Page 134 and 135: therapeutic virtues that have been
Page 136 and 137: CESDIP/CNRS, Centre d’Etudes et d
Page 138 and 139: The Interior Ministry considers tha
Page 140 and 141: In spite of the methodological limi
Page 142 and 143: directed at investigating the quali
Page 144 and 145: follows; 60 % hash/marihuana, 11% e
Page 146 and 147: The results highlighted that respon
Page 148 and 149: young people interviewed considered
Page 150 and 151: In the last few years, however, in
Page 154 and 155: ♦ Zini G., Indagine sul consumo d
Page 156 and 157: Ossebaard, H.C. (1996). Drugspreven
Page 158 and 159: From the secondary school populatio
Page 160 and 161: Huizer, H. (1996). Rapport over het
Page 162 and 163: A related theme is to describe toda
Page 164 and 165: Verhulst, J. (1996). XTC kan altijd
Page 166 and 167: Because this review is meant to giv
Page 168 and 169: 170Mudde, L. (1997). ‘XTC is nog
Page 170 and 171: 2) The second research was carried
Page 172 and 173: Even so it is possible to make a di
Page 174 and 175: At the round table of social Analys
Page 176 and 177: 2. Press articles regarding ecstasy
Page 178 and 179: Comas Arnau D, Velázquez Andrés J
Page 180 and 181: 182estimulantes. p. 111-29.Salazar
Page 182 and 183: to the middle and upper classes. Th
Page 184 and 185: The culturally sensitive poly-consu
Page 186 and 187: SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CONSUMERS
Page 188 and 189: stereotype, there was also the mess
Page 190 and 191: their habitual environment, without
Page 192 and 193: experiment with drugs such as heroi
Page 194 and 195: This policy is being received very
Page 196 and 197: SPECIFIC EUROPEAN PREVENTIVE CAMPAI
Page 198 and 199: The material used was a triptych, c
Page 200 and 201: establishments. This first initiati
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The latest campaign which formed pa
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NETHERLANDSIn Holland, there have b
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Don’t force yourself to be always
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preventive strategies related to ec
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Within the harm minimisation strate
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11. PREVENTION PROPOSALSPREVENTION
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implied danger), but depending on w
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Despite the different policies on d
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12. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY001. Abric,
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031. Díaz, A., Barruti, M. and Don
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misuse. Addiction 89.068. Kandel, D
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102. O’Rourke, P.J. (1985) Tune i
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137. Ureña, M.M. and Serra, F. (19
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The interview will be semi-structur
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♦ which subjects are the most fre
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ANNEX 3QUESTIONNAIRE OF SOCIALREPRE
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06. Birthplace (city and country):-
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19. In the last three months, how m
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30. Have you taken any other substa
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Next sentences are about your prefe
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONSINSTRUCTIONSB
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ANNEX 4PROTOCOL TO RECRUIT THE DISC
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⇒ envelopes with stamp and addres
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I R E F R E AIREFREA is a european
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