Characteristics and social representation of ecstasy in Europe - Irefrea

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Amphetamines are often used with frequencies that range from 8,5% in Palma to17,4% in Modena. Similar percentages are found with the LSD use, from 11% in Niceto 18,1% in Palma de Mallorca, with the exception of Utrecht, that only reaches 2,5%.These high percentages on LSD consumption leads us to wonder about the doses theyuse.Fungi have been used during the last month, above all by the samples in Utrecht(14,8%) and Nice (9,8%), being scarcely used in Palma de Mallorca (2,7 %).ANSWERS ACCORDING TO THE USE OR NON-USE OF ECSTASY (C AND NC)Group C must be defined as a group of polyconsumers, since the use they make ofdifferent substances is quite important. In every case, the use of other drugs during thelast month is higher among C group than among NC group. Alcohol is the drug thatshows the smallest differences, while the other drugs present significant differences, inspite that the control group uses drugs with a certain frequency.Tobacco is a legal drug much less used by the group of ecstasy non-consumers. Wefind percentages that range from the 45% of Coimbra to the 71,5% of Nice. Among theC group, frequencies of use go beyond 90%, with the exception of Utrecht (86,5%).It is obvious that cannabis is the most used illegal drug among ecstasy consumers.Its prevalence goes from 72,5% (Utrecht) to 96% (Modena), though in this last sample,as we have already explained, there were a certain percentage of missings in the Cgroup. It is very important to point out that the prevalence of cannabis use has surpassedecstasy use, during the last month. We must consider the binomial ecstasy-cannabis asan essential association. The use of cannabis among ecstasy NC is also quite common.With the exception of Coimbra that has a prevalence of 13,6%, in other cities samples,the percentages range from 27,3% (Utrecht) to 48,1% (Nice).Cocaine is the second illegal drug more used by ecstasy NC. The percentages wehave found range from 8,6% in Palma de Mallorca to 0,9% in Coimbra. Obviously,higher percentages are found in group C, being again Palma de Mallorca, the city wherecocaine is more frequently used (49%) and Coimbra (11,4%), the city where this drugis less frequently used.Amphetamines have also been frequently used during last month, above all byecstasy C group. The frequencies found in the studied samples range from 29,2% inUtrecht to 13,8% in Palma de Mallorca (we do not take into consideration thepercentages of Modena, since there were many missing among consumers). Thesepercentages decrease significantly among ecstasy NC, finding the highest frequency ofuse in Coimbra with 3,4%.LSD has lower percentages of use than amphetamines and they range from 28,8% inPalma de Mallorca to 4,2% in Utrecht (we do not take into consideration the percentagesof Modena, since there were many missing among consumers). Again percentagesdecrease significantly among NC, being Palma de Mallorca (3,6%), the city where we62
find the highest percentage, while in some of the other cities we have found not even oneLSD consumer in this group.Heroine data among ecstasy users in Modena (21,2%) and Nice (12,5%) are especiallydisturbing, though as we have already explained, these data had to be consideredcautiously because there were many missings among the answers. For example, the 21,2%of Modena corresponds to 7 persons who have used this substance among 33 ecstasyconsumers who have answered to this question. In spite of all this, we think it is a resultthat should be more deeply investigated. In the other three cities, we find a maximum of2,1% in Palma de Mallorca and a minimum of 0,7% in Utrecht. The use of this drugamong NC is really low in all samples.Fungi use is practically non-existent in Palma de Mallorca, either in group C (4,1%)or NC (0,9%), in comparison with the other cities. In Utrecht there are 23,5% of fungiconsumers during the previous month to the survey, among ecstasy consumers,percentage that decreases to 4,4% among NC. In Modena and Nice we find similarpercentages, though there were many missing in the answers, and Coimbra should be inthe intermediate position.GETTING DRUNK DURING THE LAST MONTH (%)COIMBRA MODENA NICE PALMA UTRECHTGlob NC C Glob NC C Glob NC C Glob NC C Glob NC CDaily 01,8 02 02,1 00,3 00,7 000, 01,2 00,5 01,9 00,9 00,6 01,2 000, 00Several times 23,7 14 320, 040, 02,7 05,3 10,1 07,1 130, 12,8 04,2 210, 080, 03,8 12a weekOnce a week 19,4 08 300, 08,3 08,2 07,9 09,5 060, 140, 14,3 07,3 200, 09,1 04,3 14Several times 13,3 16 09,8 25,6 09,5 240, 17,9 110, 180, 12,8 130, 150, 22,5 230, 18a monthOnce 12,9 13 140, 17,3 220, 280, 14,3 180, 180, 13,7 140, 110, 20,6 170, 28None 290, 48 110, 44,5 560, 340, 470, 580, 340, 45,5 610, 310, 39,8 520, 28GLOBAL SAMPLE ANSWERSThe data shows that, among the youth, the excessive use of alcohol must beconsidered as disturbing at least as the use of ecstasy and other designer drugs. As we cansee, more than half of the total sample has got drunk at least once during the last month.This percentage reaches 60,2% in the Dutch sample and 71% in the city of Coimbra.In the sample of this Portuguese city we do not only find more individuals who havegot drunk during the last month, but also more individuals who get drunk more often(44,9% of the answers declare to have got drunk at least once a week during the lastmonth).63
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ORGANISATIONS AND NATIONAL RESEARCH
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This volume is dedicated very speci
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PRESENTATIONIt’s a great pleasure
Page 9 and 10: INDEXPág.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . .
Page 11 and 12: 1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DESIGNER DRUGS,
Page 13: the most widely used because its ef
Page 16 and 17: All this led to the famous English
Page 18 and 19: had used it in the preceding month.
Page 20 and 21: had used ecstasy or a similar subst
Page 22 and 23: school population found a prevalenc
Page 24 and 25: isk factors among adolescents (Cala
Page 26 and 27: make quantitative what is qualitati
Page 28 and 29: concentrated in ecstasy use. A stud
Page 30 and 31: the others versions but with less i
Page 33 and 34: 3. SAMPLE DESIGN AND FIELD WORK3.1.
Page 35 and 36: Two different methods were suggeste
Page 37 and 38: according to drug use level. Finall
Page 39 and 40: We came into contact with eight ind
Page 41 and 42: 4. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUNDINTRO
Page 43 and 44: We did not think it would be necess
Page 45 and 46: STUDY LEVEL (% on global sample; %
Page 47 and 48: In Utrecht, most of the young peopl
Page 49: SUMMARYWe remind again that, in spi
Page 52 and 53: This classification will be used fr
Page 54 and 55: Montagne, 1992) or Rimini, in Italy
Page 56 and 57: RELIGION PRACTITIONER (% on global
Page 58 and 59: It stands out the high percentage o
Page 62 and 63: In the Utrecht sample, however, alt
Page 64 and 65: GLOBAL SAMPLE ANSWERSThe most popul
Page 66 and 67: These data are interesting in order
Page 68 and 69: WITH WHOM TO CONSUME ECSTASY? (In %
Page 70 and 71: As we have already seen in other ta
Page 73 and 74: 6. SENSATION SEEKING SCALE (SSS)6.1
Page 75 and 76: correlation’s varies in function
Page 77 and 78: consumers sample comprises individu
Page 79 and 80: DISINHIBITION (DIS)Modena, Palma an
Page 81 and 82: y the non-consumer groups. In addit
Page 83 and 84: Once again, on the Boredom Suscepti
Page 85: this new scale. The individuals bel
Page 88 and 89: Still following psychoanalysis, Koh
Page 90 and 91: seeking scale, the hypotheses for t
Page 92 and 93: SDS results according to sexSexPunc
Page 94 and 95: understanding and explaining realit
Page 96 and 97: there would be two more or less dif
Page 98 and 99: RELATION BETWEEN ECSTASY AND SEXThe
Page 100 and 101: of medicaments. In fact, they are p
Page 102 and 103: In any case, it is true indeed that
Page 104 and 105: Well aware that these interpretatio
Page 106 and 107: with others, facilitates being able
Page 108 and 109: 8.3.2. Social Representation in the
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with problems”, “the problem wi
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feel good”, “it causes euphoria
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Therefore, and taking into account
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appear in the diagram, as they have
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as one of the reasons for taking ec
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In the C diagram we see distributio
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shy people” and “escape from re
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We believe the adequate way of inte
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In the C group there are five compo
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ecause ecstasy use is connected wit
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Nowadays, three studies are being c
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can become addictive conducts and h
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therapeutic virtues that have been
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CESDIP/CNRS, Centre d’Etudes et d
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The Interior Ministry considers tha
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In spite of the methodological limi
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directed at investigating the quali
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follows; 60 % hash/marihuana, 11% e
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The results highlighted that respon
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young people interviewed considered
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In the last few years, however, in
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04) Ensuring that water is availabl
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♦ Zini G., Indagine sul consumo d
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Ossebaard, H.C. (1996). Drugspreven
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From the secondary school populatio
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Huizer, H. (1996). Rapport over het
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A related theme is to describe toda
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Verhulst, J. (1996). XTC kan altijd
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Because this review is meant to giv
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170Mudde, L. (1997). ‘XTC is nog
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2) The second research was carried
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Even so it is possible to make a di
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At the round table of social Analys
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2. Press articles regarding ecstasy
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Comas Arnau D, Velázquez Andrés J
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182estimulantes. p. 111-29.Salazar
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to the middle and upper classes. Th
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The culturally sensitive poly-consu
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CONSUMERS
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stereotype, there was also the mess
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their habitual environment, without
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experiment with drugs such as heroi
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This policy is being received very
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SPECIFIC EUROPEAN PREVENTIVE CAMPAI
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The material used was a triptych, c
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establishments. This first initiati
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The latest campaign which formed pa
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NETHERLANDSIn Holland, there have b
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Don’t force yourself to be always
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preventive strategies related to ec
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Within the harm minimisation strate
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11. PREVENTION PROPOSALSPREVENTION
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implied danger), but depending on w
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Despite the different policies on d
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12. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY001. Abric,
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031. Díaz, A., Barruti, M. and Don
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misuse. Addiction 89.068. Kandel, D
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102. O’Rourke, P.J. (1985) Tune i
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137. Ureña, M.M. and Serra, F. (19
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The interview will be semi-structur
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♦ which subjects are the most fre
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ANNEX 3QUESTIONNAIRE OF SOCIALREPRE
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06. Birthplace (city and country):-
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19. In the last three months, how m
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30. Have you taken any other substa
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Next sentences are about your prefe
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONSINSTRUCTIONSB
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ANNEX 4PROTOCOL TO RECRUIT THE DISC
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⇒ envelopes with stamp and addres
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I R E F R E AIREFREA is a european
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