Characteristics and social representation of ecstasy in Europe - Irefrea

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ECONOMICAL STATUS (% on global sample)COIMBRA MODENA NICE PALMA. UTRECHTHigh +middle high 24,7 27,1 27,6 27,0 63,5Middle 63,4 60,7 48,4 62,9 27,1Middle low + low 11,8 12,2 23,9 10,1 09,4Before analysing the similarities or differences among percentages of the five cities,it is important to point out that what we tried with this question was to get peoplesubjective impressions about their own social level or their families, and, according tothat, they placed themselves in the different categories. For this reason we are not facingobjective data, but subjective valuations from each individual. To belong to a certaingroup or social level is a topic influenced by many variables (some objectives and somesubjective) and reasons to chose one or another category can be different in everycountry. Some of the field workers have report that was not easy for some people toanswer to this question.According to the data, and with the reservation expressed before, Utrecht is wherepeople define themselves as more wealthy. In Coimbra, Modena and Palma deMallorca, the most common answer is “middle”. A certain percentage (23,9%) of theinterviewees from Nice, who have high economical earnings quite superior to the othercities –we will see this point later-, consider themselves, however, of a lower sociallevel. This is probably due to the fact that in this city there are a lot of people who havefinished their studies and are already working. Only this can explain why we have onlyfound a 27,6% of individuals of the high + middle high class, when the data we havebeen analysing show us that interviewees from Nice, and also from Utrecht, are the oneswho personally have more money.In every city, the “middle-low” and “low” level is the one with less individuals, beingNice the city with the highest percentage (23,9%), quite a big difference with the othersamples.WITH WHOM DO YOU LIVE (% on global sample)COIMBRA MODENA NICE PALMA UTRECHTFamily 42,9 68,1 38,4 71,3 19,0Wife/couple 09,2 04,5 19,0 07,2 20,1Friends 26,0 16,9 04,8 12,2 04,1Student Residence 08,1 02,2 06,3 01,5 36,0Alone 09,2 01,3 27,7 06,6 17,6Others 04,8 07,0 03,9 01,2 03,3The samples where we find the highest percentage of individuals who live with theirparents are Modena (68,1%) and Palma de Mallorca (71,3%), and the sample where wefind the lowest percentage is Utrecht (19%), that shows a significant great difference withthe other cities.48
In Utrecht, most of the young people are independent from their families and livewith a couple/married or alone, above all in residences (36%). Emancipation at such anearly age is something that answers to cultural and economical matters. In this sense,we already know that the sample of Utrecht has a higher purchasing power and animportant percentage of individuals have a scholarship or a job.In comparison with Modena and Palma de Mallorca we find that Utrecht and Nicehave a quite low percentage of individuals who live with their families. It stands out thehigh percentage of individuals who live in these two towns with a couple/married (19%in Nice and 20,1 in Utrecht) or alone (27,7% in Nice and 17,6 in Utrecht). This data isalso connected with a better economical status.In Coimbra, it stands out the high percentage of young people who live with friends. Wesuppose they are students from other areas that share a flat while studying at the university.HOW MUCH DO THEY EARN PER MONTH (In ECU)COIMBRA MODENA NICE PALMA UTRECHTMean 342,80 446,90 830,8 434,9 594,9Standard Deviation 235,00 485,64 700,1 425,4 458,1M-Estimator (Huber) 295,28 284,00 688,3 338,9 514,9There are significant differences (test de Kruskal-Wallis) between the French andDutch sample and the other cities, though Utrecht and Nice have also differencesbetween them. In order to read the table it is recommended to follow the M-Estimatorof Huber, since the standard deviation is high and the mean can induce to an error.Nice, followed by Utrecht, is the city where young people earn more per week. Theexplanation of these differences is found in the purchasing power of each country.Nevertheless, there are other reasons, as we have seen in the analysis of other tablesof this study. The mean interviewee from these two cities is older, independent fromhis/her family and has a job. We must also remember that a higher percentage of theUtrecht sample consider themselves to a high/middle-high social level -63,5%- thoughin other cities this percentage is around 27%. Besides, in those two cities there are moreuniversity students than in Coimbra, Modena and Palma.MONEY’S ORIGIN (In %)COIMBRA# MODENA++ NICE** PALMA* UTRECHT+Family 60,2 60,8 32,1 46,6 03,4Permanent job 20,7 27,8 41,3 17,6 25,1Temporary job 13,3 08,4 08,6 28,3 45,9Scholarship 01,7 00,8 07,9 02,0 18,7Public assistance 01,2 00,4 05,1 01,0 04,6Others 02,9 01,7 05,1 04,6 02,4# 38 Missing ++83 Missing ** 25 Missing * 30 Missing +39 Missing49
Page 3 and 4: ORGANISATIONS AND NATIONAL RESEARCH
Page 5 and 6: This volume is dedicated very speci
Page 7 and 8: PRESENTATIONIt’s a great pleasure
Page 9 and 10: INDEXPág.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . .
Page 11 and 12: 1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DESIGNER DRUGS,
Page 13: the most widely used because its ef
Page 16 and 17: All this led to the famous English
Page 18 and 19: had used it in the preceding month.
Page 20 and 21: had used ecstasy or a similar subst
Page 22 and 23: school population found a prevalenc
Page 24 and 25: isk factors among adolescents (Cala
Page 26 and 27: make quantitative what is qualitati
Page 28 and 29: concentrated in ecstasy use. A stud
Page 30 and 31: the others versions but with less i
Page 33 and 34: 3. SAMPLE DESIGN AND FIELD WORK3.1.
Page 35 and 36: Two different methods were suggeste
Page 37 and 38: according to drug use level. Finall
Page 39 and 40: We came into contact with eight ind
Page 41 and 42: 4. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUNDINTRO
Page 43 and 44: We did not think it would be necess
Page 45: STUDY LEVEL (% on global sample; %
Page 49: SUMMARYWe remind again that, in spi
Page 52 and 53: This classification will be used fr
Page 54 and 55: Montagne, 1992) or Rimini, in Italy
Page 56 and 57: RELIGION PRACTITIONER (% on global
Page 58 and 59: It stands out the high percentage o
Page 60 and 61: Amphetamines are often used with fr
Page 62 and 63: In the Utrecht sample, however, alt
Page 64 and 65: GLOBAL SAMPLE ANSWERSThe most popul
Page 66 and 67: These data are interesting in order
Page 68 and 69: WITH WHOM TO CONSUME ECSTASY? (In %
Page 70 and 71: As we have already seen in other ta
Page 73 and 74: 6. SENSATION SEEKING SCALE (SSS)6.1
Page 75 and 76: correlation’s varies in function
Page 77 and 78: consumers sample comprises individu
Page 79 and 80: DISINHIBITION (DIS)Modena, Palma an
Page 81 and 82: y the non-consumer groups. In addit
Page 83 and 84: Once again, on the Boredom Suscepti
Page 85: this new scale. The individuals bel
Page 88 and 89: Still following psychoanalysis, Koh
Page 90 and 91: seeking scale, the hypotheses for t
Page 92 and 93: SDS results according to sexSexPunc
Page 94 and 95: understanding and explaining realit
Page 96 and 97:
there would be two more or less dif
Page 98 and 99:
RELATION BETWEEN ECSTASY AND SEXThe
Page 100 and 101:
of medicaments. In fact, they are p
Page 102 and 103:
In any case, it is true indeed that
Page 104 and 105:
Well aware that these interpretatio
Page 106 and 107:
with others, facilitates being able
Page 108 and 109:
8.3.2. Social Representation in the
Page 110 and 111:
with problems”, “the problem wi
Page 112 and 113:
feel good”, “it causes euphoria
Page 114 and 115:
Therefore, and taking into account
Page 116 and 117:
appear in the diagram, as they have
Page 118 and 119:
as one of the reasons for taking ec
Page 120 and 121:
In the C diagram we see distributio
Page 122 and 123:
shy people” and “escape from re
Page 124 and 125:
We believe the adequate way of inte
Page 126 and 127:
In the C group there are five compo
Page 128 and 129:
ecause ecstasy use is connected wit
Page 130 and 131:
Nowadays, three studies are being c
Page 132 and 133:
can become addictive conducts and h
Page 134 and 135:
therapeutic virtues that have been
Page 136 and 137:
CESDIP/CNRS, Centre d’Etudes et d
Page 138 and 139:
The Interior Ministry considers tha
Page 140 and 141:
In spite of the methodological limi
Page 142 and 143:
directed at investigating the quali
Page 144 and 145:
follows; 60 % hash/marihuana, 11% e
Page 146 and 147:
The results highlighted that respon
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young people interviewed considered
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In the last few years, however, in
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04) Ensuring that water is availabl
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♦ Zini G., Indagine sul consumo d
Page 156 and 157:
Ossebaard, H.C. (1996). Drugspreven
Page 158 and 159:
From the secondary school populatio
Page 160 and 161:
Huizer, H. (1996). Rapport over het
Page 162 and 163:
A related theme is to describe toda
Page 164 and 165:
Verhulst, J. (1996). XTC kan altijd
Page 166 and 167:
Because this review is meant to giv
Page 168 and 169:
170Mudde, L. (1997). ‘XTC is nog
Page 170 and 171:
2) The second research was carried
Page 172 and 173:
Even so it is possible to make a di
Page 174 and 175:
At the round table of social Analys
Page 176 and 177:
2. Press articles regarding ecstasy
Page 178 and 179:
Comas Arnau D, Velázquez Andrés J
Page 180 and 181:
182estimulantes. p. 111-29.Salazar
Page 182 and 183:
to the middle and upper classes. Th
Page 184 and 185:
The culturally sensitive poly-consu
Page 186 and 187:
SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CONSUMERS
Page 188 and 189:
stereotype, there was also the mess
Page 190 and 191:
their habitual environment, without
Page 192 and 193:
experiment with drugs such as heroi
Page 194 and 195:
This policy is being received very
Page 196 and 197:
SPECIFIC EUROPEAN PREVENTIVE CAMPAI
Page 198 and 199:
The material used was a triptych, c
Page 200 and 201:
establishments. This first initiati
Page 202 and 203:
The latest campaign which formed pa
Page 204 and 205:
NETHERLANDSIn Holland, there have b
Page 206 and 207:
Don’t force yourself to be always
Page 208 and 209:
preventive strategies related to ec
Page 210 and 211:
Within the harm minimisation strate
Page 213 and 214:
11. PREVENTION PROPOSALSPREVENTION
Page 215 and 216:
implied danger), but depending on w
Page 217 and 218:
Despite the different policies on d
Page 219 and 220:
12. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY001. Abric,
Page 221 and 222:
031. Díaz, A., Barruti, M. and Don
Page 223 and 224:
misuse. Addiction 89.068. Kandel, D
Page 225 and 226:
102. O’Rourke, P.J. (1985) Tune i
Page 227:
137. Ureña, M.M. and Serra, F. (19
Page 230 and 231:
The interview will be semi-structur
Page 232 and 233:
♦ which subjects are the most fre
Page 235 and 236:
ANNEX 3QUESTIONNAIRE OF SOCIALREPRE
Page 237 and 238:
06. Birthplace (city and country):-
Page 239 and 240:
19. In the last three months, how m
Page 241 and 242:
30. Have you taken any other substa
Page 243 and 244:
Next sentences are about your prefe
Page 245 and 246:
SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONSINSTRUCTIONSB
Page 247 and 248:
ANNEX 4PROTOCOL TO RECRUIT THE DISC
Page 249 and 250:
⇒ envelopes with stamp and addres
Page 251:
I R E F R E AIREFREA is a european
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Characteristics and social representation of ecstasy in Europe - Irefrea

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