WITH WHOM TO CONSUME ECSTASY? (In %)COIMBRA MODENA NICE PALMA UTRECHTAlone 05,6 01,4 00,6With friends 93 77,8 850, 94,6 92,7Sometimes alone,sometimes with friends 07 16,7 13,6 04,8 07,3The highest percentages are found, as expected, <strong>in</strong> the category “With friends”, ascorresponds to a drug that generally has a recreational use. Nevertheless, <strong>in</strong> Modenathere is 5,6% that prefer “Alone” <strong>and</strong> 16,7%, “sometimes alone <strong>and</strong> sometimes withfriends”. A reasonable explanation could be the fact that this sample is the one with thehighest misuse potential. It is rationale to th<strong>in</strong>k that when people tend to consume ontheir own it is not a typical recreational pattern. In other towns we can f<strong>in</strong>d also a certa<strong>in</strong>percentage –much lower- that tend to use it no always with their friends.WHERE TO USE ECSTASY (In %)COIMBRA MODENA NICE PALMA UTRECHTAt home 01,6 05,9 06,5 03,4 11,2At friends home 09,7 05,3 18,2 09,7 10,9At the disco 29,3 44,9 23,4 32,4 20,5At bars 01,1 04,3 02,3 12,4 03,1In the street 0,3, 03,7 02,3 02,6 04,7At “rave” parties 35,2 18,7 29,5 08,4 37,4At ‘afters’ 08,3 11,2 12,7 25,8 08,8Others 14,5 05,9 05,2 05,3 03,4Discos are the places with the highest percentages. In Palma de Mallorca we als<strong>of</strong><strong>in</strong>d a high percentage (12,4%) at bars, but this k<strong>in</strong>d <strong>of</strong> places can be considered asdiscos, s<strong>in</strong>ce they have high volume music <strong>and</strong> a danc<strong>in</strong>g area. “Afters”(bars or discosthat open very late at night) are also extremely popular among the population <strong>of</strong> Palmade Mallorca (25,8%).At “raves” we also f<strong>in</strong>d high percentages <strong>in</strong> Utrecht (37,4%), Coimbra (35,2%) <strong>and</strong>Nice (29,5%).The answers “At home” or “At a friend’s house” are relatively important as places <strong>of</strong>consumption, above all <strong>in</strong> Nice (24,7%,consider<strong>in</strong>g both percentages) <strong>and</strong> Utrecht(22,1%, consider<strong>in</strong>g both percentages). This means that prevention strategies should notonly concentrate <strong>in</strong> the dance scene.70
OTHER DRUGS TAKEN SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH ECSTASY (<strong>in</strong> %)*COIMBRA MODENA NICE PALMA UTRECHTCoca<strong>in</strong>e 11,9 65,6 33,7 48,1 28,9Alcohol 18,3 97,3 700, 83,5 70,3Hero<strong>in</strong>e 01,4 27,8 13,5 01,4Tobacco 97,2 94,6 82,9 88,8 79,9Cannabis 81,7 93,2 74,4 80,6 66,9LSD 26,2 53,1 30,9 38,8 09,4Amphetam<strong>in</strong>e 340, 38,5 24,2 39,5 410,Fungi 13,6 35,1 19,8 03,5 20,4Other 21,1 39,3 18,2 17,7 130,* The number <strong>of</strong> miss<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> this table is irrelevant <strong>in</strong> the case <strong>of</strong> Coimbra <strong>and</strong> Palma de Mallorca, but <strong>in</strong> the case <strong>of</strong>Utrecht there is a m<strong>in</strong>imum <strong>of</strong> 18 (alcohol) <strong>and</strong> a maximum <strong>of</strong> 48 (hero<strong>in</strong>) <strong>and</strong> an average <strong>of</strong> 30 for the rest <strong>of</strong> drugs;<strong>in</strong> Nice, the m<strong>in</strong>imum is 18 for the alcohol <strong>and</strong> 62 for hero<strong>in</strong>, with an average <strong>of</strong> miss<strong>in</strong>g for the rest around 40; <strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong> the Modena sample there is a m<strong>in</strong>imum <strong>of</strong> 47 (alcohol) <strong>and</strong> a maximum <strong>of</strong> 121 persons (hero<strong>in</strong>), <strong>and</strong> an average<strong>of</strong> 80 for the rest <strong>of</strong> drugs. Very presumably there are not real miss<strong>in</strong>gs, but people that just not filled thequestionnaire <strong>in</strong> these particular items because he/she did not use that particular drug. In any case, it is importantto rem<strong>in</strong>d that the percentages on the table concern only to people that has responded correctly to the question.We are confronted <strong>in</strong> general terms with a poly-consume pattern <strong>in</strong> all towns.Alcohol <strong>and</strong> tobacco are the most popular <strong>and</strong> they are comb<strong>in</strong>ed very <strong>of</strong>ten with<strong>ecstasy</strong>. Also, cannabis <strong>and</strong> coca<strong>in</strong>e are present <strong>in</strong> this polyconsume. Obviously, the ideathat <strong>ecstasy</strong> tends to be consumed alone does not have actually any empirical support <strong>in</strong>this research. The isolated use <strong>of</strong> this drug may it was possible many years ago <strong>in</strong> thecontext <strong>of</strong> the new age culture. But the results <strong>of</strong> the present study <strong>and</strong> many othersprove clearly that when <strong>ecstasy</strong> consumption is massive, as it is the case at present, wejust can expect to f<strong>in</strong>d a polyconsume pattern.However, even with these other drugs that are used <strong>in</strong> such a massive way, we haveto <strong>in</strong>troduce important nuances accord<strong>in</strong>g to the countries. In the Portuguese case, only18,3% <strong>of</strong> the sample uses <strong>ecstasy</strong> simultaneously with alcohol. As we will see later, <strong>in</strong>the table where the sample answers to the question “What substances have you takendur<strong>in</strong>g the last month?”, 79,9% <strong>of</strong> this sample has consumed alcohol. Therefore, we areconfronted with a sample <strong>of</strong> users who follow to a certa<strong>in</strong> extent the <strong>in</strong>structions thatalcohol must never be mixed with XTC. The probable reasons for this ‘exceptional’pattern is because, accord<strong>in</strong>g to this <strong>and</strong> other data, the Portuguese <strong>of</strong> this study arepeople who have started consum<strong>in</strong>g <strong>ecstasy</strong> very recently, they are not abus<strong>in</strong>g (nottak<strong>in</strong>g many pills each time, not tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>ecstasy</strong> very <strong>of</strong>ten,...) <strong>and</strong> they still capable touse <strong>ecstasy</strong> <strong>in</strong> a controlled way.As we know there is an important number <strong>of</strong> miss<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> the case <strong>of</strong> Modena <strong>and</strong>Nice, nevertheless it worries the high percentage <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals who takesimultaneously hero<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> the sample <strong>of</strong> Modena (27,8%) <strong>and</strong> Nice (13,5%), but it isimportant to rem<strong>in</strong>d that the percentages on the table concern only to people that hasrespond correctly to the question.71
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ORGANISATIONS AND NATIONAL RESEARCH
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This volume is dedicated very speci
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PRESENTATIONIt’s a great pleasure
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INDEXPág.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . .
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1. INTRODUCTION1.1. DESIGNER DRUGS,
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the most widely used because its ef
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All this led to the famous English
- Page 18 and 19: had used it in the preceding month.
- Page 20 and 21: had used ecstasy or a similar subst
- Page 22 and 23: school population found a prevalenc
- Page 24 and 25: isk factors among adolescents (Cala
- Page 26 and 27: make quantitative what is qualitati
- Page 28 and 29: concentrated in ecstasy use. A stud
- Page 30 and 31: the others versions but with less i
- Page 33 and 34: 3. SAMPLE DESIGN AND FIELD WORK3.1.
- Page 35 and 36: Two different methods were suggeste
- Page 37 and 38: according to drug use level. Finall
- Page 39 and 40: We came into contact with eight ind
- Page 41 and 42: 4. SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC BACKGROUNDINTRO
- Page 43 and 44: We did not think it would be necess
- Page 45 and 46: STUDY LEVEL (% on global sample; %
- Page 47 and 48: In Utrecht, most of the young peopl
- Page 49: SUMMARYWe remind again that, in spi
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- Page 54 and 55: Montagne, 1992) or Rimini, in Italy
- Page 56 and 57: RELIGION PRACTITIONER (% on global
- Page 58 and 59: It stands out the high percentage o
- Page 60 and 61: Amphetamines are often used with fr
- Page 62 and 63: In the Utrecht sample, however, alt
- Page 64 and 65: GLOBAL SAMPLE ANSWERSThe most popul
- Page 66 and 67: These data are interesting in order
- Page 70 and 71: As we have already seen in other ta
- Page 73 and 74: 6. SENSATION SEEKING SCALE (SSS)6.1
- Page 75 and 76: correlation’s varies in function
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- Page 79 and 80: DISINHIBITION (DIS)Modena, Palma an
- Page 81 and 82: y the non-consumer groups. In addit
- Page 83 and 84: Once again, on the Boredom Suscepti
- Page 85: this new scale. The individuals bel
- Page 88 and 89: Still following psychoanalysis, Koh
- Page 90 and 91: seeking scale, the hypotheses for t
- Page 92 and 93: SDS results according to sexSexPunc
- Page 94 and 95: understanding and explaining realit
- Page 96 and 97: there would be two more or less dif
- Page 98 and 99: RELATION BETWEEN ECSTASY AND SEXThe
- Page 100 and 101: of medicaments. In fact, they are p
- Page 102 and 103: In any case, it is true indeed that
- Page 104 and 105: Well aware that these interpretatio
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- Page 112 and 113: feel good”, “it causes euphoria
- Page 114 and 115: Therefore, and taking into account
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as one of the reasons for taking ec
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In the C diagram we see distributio
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shy people” and “escape from re
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We believe the adequate way of inte
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In the C group there are five compo
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ecause ecstasy use is connected wit
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Nowadays, three studies are being c
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can become addictive conducts and h
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therapeutic virtues that have been
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CESDIP/CNRS, Centre d’Etudes et d
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The Interior Ministry considers tha
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In spite of the methodological limi
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directed at investigating the quali
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follows; 60 % hash/marihuana, 11% e
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The results highlighted that respon
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young people interviewed considered
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In the last few years, however, in
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04) Ensuring that water is availabl
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♦ Zini G., Indagine sul consumo d
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Ossebaard, H.C. (1996). Drugspreven
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From the secondary school populatio
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Huizer, H. (1996). Rapport over het
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A related theme is to describe toda
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Verhulst, J. (1996). XTC kan altijd
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Because this review is meant to giv
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170Mudde, L. (1997). ‘XTC is nog
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2) The second research was carried
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Even so it is possible to make a di
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At the round table of social Analys
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2. Press articles regarding ecstasy
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Comas Arnau D, Velázquez Andrés J
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182estimulantes. p. 111-29.Salazar
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to the middle and upper classes. Th
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The culturally sensitive poly-consu
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CONSUMERS
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stereotype, there was also the mess
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their habitual environment, without
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experiment with drugs such as heroi
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This policy is being received very
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SPECIFIC EUROPEAN PREVENTIVE CAMPAI
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The material used was a triptych, c
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establishments. This first initiati
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The latest campaign which formed pa
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NETHERLANDSIn Holland, there have b
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Don’t force yourself to be always
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preventive strategies related to ec
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Within the harm minimisation strate
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11. PREVENTION PROPOSALSPREVENTION
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implied danger), but depending on w
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Despite the different policies on d
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12. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY001. Abric,
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031. Díaz, A., Barruti, M. and Don
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misuse. Addiction 89.068. Kandel, D
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102. O’Rourke, P.J. (1985) Tune i
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137. Ureña, M.M. and Serra, F. (19
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The interview will be semi-structur
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♦ which subjects are the most fre
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ANNEX 3QUESTIONNAIRE OF SOCIALREPRE
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06. Birthplace (city and country):-
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19. In the last three months, how m
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30. Have you taken any other substa
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Next sentences are about your prefe
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SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONSINSTRUCTIONSB
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ANNEX 4PROTOCOL TO RECRUIT THE DISC
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⇒ envelopes with stamp and addres
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I R E F R E AIREFREA is a european