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ance against risks, access to informal credit,and security. Lineage rules of inheritance helpenforce intergenerational transfers. The threatof social exclusion is a major instrument ofenforcement of the rules. In other words, essentialfunctions of the property rights systemare fulfilled by customary systems and ought tobe legally reinforced. 873) Assuming high demand for formal entitlement,i.e. assuming that rural and remote landholdersfelt their rights to their house and farmplots are threatened or that they explicitlywant to raise loans on the basis of formal titlesto these assets. 88 Paying insufficient attentionto the time and financial costs of titling,to both government and landholder. 89 In particularassuming that titling always has to becadastre-based and rest upon expensive surveyand mapping. 904) Assuming that titling is the precondition forproperty security when other measures offermore immediate and simpler ways of securingthe assets of the poor, especially in remote ruralareas. Even in rural African contexts, whereindividual titling of land may not be desirableor feasible and the use of land as collateral forcredit is only a remote possibility, providingpoor land owners or users with documentedrights can yield significant benefits. 915) Failing to pay attention to pro-poor land marketdevelopment and failing to assess the impactof the land market on the poor. 926) Failure to Simplify Land Administration forthe Least Advantaged Customer. In manycountries, land administration functions aredispersed among many Ministries (justice,environment, agriculture, urban, finance, landreform, forest, mining, etc.). This createsgrey zones of overlapping competencies as abreeding ground for non-transparent practices.Even if responsibilities are clearly assignedand overlaps avoided, this creates confusionamong users, prevents realisation of economiesof scale, and thus increases the cost ofproviding land administration services to thedetriment of the poor. 937) Failing to Restrict Eminent Domain. Thereshould be a strict focus on using eminentdomain as ultima ratio in providing essentialpublic services rather than as a means toimprove general public utility. The latter promotesillegitimate alliances of state ownershipand powerful particular interest and severelydamages the property rights of marginal landusers by excluding them from adequate compensationor inclusion in chains of value additionthrough property development.8) Insufficient Revenue Sharing in Gains fromNatural Resources. There has been lack of attentionto the possibility of community basednatural resource management in the case offorests, fishery, and water. There has beeninsufficient participation of citizens in therevenues from the extraction, treatment, anddistribution of natural resources.Experienced Consequences1) Enduring extra-legality of the majority of assetholders despite existing property systems andtitling programmes is a persisting phenomenon.It is due to imperfect implementationin some cases but in many other settings it isthe result of a mismatch of official institutionsand local practices.2) Disruption of Existing Tenurial Arrangements.Careless implementation of formal documentationmay have the effect of inadvertentlydisrupting existing tenurial arrangements.84