Chapter 4 BibliographyADB, ‘Legal Identity for Inclusive Development’. 2007. Manila,Philippines.Amin, A.T.M. Nurul. ‘The Informal sector in Asia from <strong>the</strong> decent workperspective’. ILO. 2002.Arruñada, Benito. ‘Pitfalls to Avoid When Measuring Institutions: IsDoing Business Damaging Business?’ Pompeu FabraUniversity. Barcelona. June 2007.Aryee, George A.: ‘Promoting Productivity and Social Protection in <strong>the</strong>Urban Informal Sector — An Integrated Approach. Reporton Pilot projects in Bogota, Dar es Salam and Manila -Summary <strong>of</strong> activities,lessons and recommendations’ ILO,third (updated ) edition Dec 2006Bannock, G. et al. ‘Indigenous Private Sector Development andRegulation in Africa and Central Europe: A 10 CountryStudy.’ London, Bannock Consulting. 2002Besley, Timothy, Robert Burgess and Berta Esteve-Volart. The PolicyOrigins <strong>of</strong> Poverty and Growth in India. In Analysing andAchieving Pro-Poor Growth. March 2007. InternationalPoverty Centre. UNDPBrown, Warren. ‘Why MFIs are providing insurance to low incomepeople?’ Dhaka, 2000. Cain, Allan. ‘Livelihoods and <strong>the</strong>Informal Economy in Post-War Angola’. Published inMonograph No. 102, August 2004.Brustinow, Angelika, ‘Making Rights Work for <strong>the</strong> Poor; AlternativeDispute Resolution.’ Prepared by, UNECE, 2006.CARE, Canada, ‘Heads or Tails — Extra National Dimensions <strong>of</strong>International Development’ April 2007.______., ‘The Missing Middle <strong>of</strong> Investment in Developing Countries’Aril 2007______., ‘The Story <strong>of</strong> John and Juan- Social Entrepreneurialism andbarriers to <strong>the</strong> business formation’ February 2007Carr, M., M. A. Chen: Globalization and <strong>the</strong> informal economy; Howglobal trade and investment impact on <strong>the</strong> working poor,background paper for ILO Report, 2002. May 2001Chang, Ha-Joon. ‘Understanding Institutional Changes and EconomicDevelopment’ Policy Brief. UNU-WIDER. Finland. 6November 2007.Charmes, Jacques, (cited in) Women in Informal Employment:Globalization and Organising (WIEGO), 2 nd Annual Meeting,Cambridge, Massachusetts. 22-24 May 2000.Chen, Martha ‘Empowerment <strong>of</strong> Informal Businesses: Legal and o<strong>the</strong>rInterventions’ Harvard University, Coordinator WIEGO Dec2006______ , ‘Legal Mechanisms to Empower Informal Businesses:Unpacking <strong>the</strong> Issue,’ Harvard University , Coordinator,WIEGO Dec 2006______., ‘Institutional Mismatch — Formal Institutions and InformalRealities, May 2007.______., ‘Informalisation <strong>of</strong> Labour Markets: Is Formalisation <strong>the</strong>Answer?’ Harvard University, Coordinator WIEGO.______., ‘Mapping size and diversity <strong>of</strong> informal economy’ May 2007.______., ‘The Business Environment and <strong>the</strong> informal economy —creating conditions for Poverty reduction’ November 2005.______.. Rethinking <strong>the</strong> Informal Economy: Linkages with <strong>the</strong> FormalEconomy and <strong>the</strong> Formal Regulatory Environment. EGDIand UNU-WIDER Conference ‘Unlocking Human Potential:Linking <strong>the</strong> Formal and Informal Sectors.’ Helsinki, Finland.Sept. 2004Cohen, Monique and Jennefer Sebstad. Reducing Vulnerability: TheDemand for Microinsurance. Microsave-Africa. Nairobi.Consultative Group for Poor (CGAP), World Bank, ‘Safe and Accessible:Bringing poor saver into formal fi nancial system’September 2006.Cord, Louise. Promoting Pro-Poor Growth: Lessons from countryexperiences. The World Bank. In Analysing and AchievingPro-Poor Growth. Poverty in Focus. International PovertyCentre. UNDP. March 2007Crecentia, M<strong>of</strong>okeng. ‘The Informal Economy in Africa & Its Impact onWomen,’ Paper presented at <strong>the</strong> Symposium on Women’sRights and <strong>the</strong> Role <strong>of</strong> Women in Africa, Canada, October3, 2005Dayaratna-Banda, O. G., ‘Informal Trade in Sri Lanka,’ Department<strong>of</strong> Economics and Statistics, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Arts, University <strong>of</strong>Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka, Nov.2006.De Soto, Hernando. The O<strong>the</strong>r Path (New York: Basic Books), 1989 and .The Mystery <strong>of</strong> Capital (New York: Basic Books) 2000.Devey, Richard, Skinner, Caroline, and Valodia, Imraan. ‘InformalEconomy Employment Data in South Africa: A CriticalAnalysis,’ Forum Papers, Development Policy Research Unit,School <strong>of</strong> Economics, University <strong>of</strong> Cape Town, 2003Discovering Hidden Assets-Financing <strong>the</strong> Base <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Pyramid.Developing Alternatives. Vol.10, Issue 1. Winter 2005.Djankov, Simeon, Ira Lieberman, Joyita Mukherjee, and Tatiana Nenova,‘Going Informal: Benefi ts and Costs,’ World Bank, 2002FIAS/World Bank Group-ISSER, ‘Regional Conference on EnterpriseFormalisation in Africa,’ Accra, Ghana, January 10-11,2007Gallin, Dan. ‘Organising in <strong>the</strong> Global Informal Economy’, BogaziciUniversity Social Policy Forum: Changing Role <strong>of</strong> Unionsin <strong>the</strong> Contemporary World <strong>of</strong> Labor, Istanbul, November26-27, 2004.Golub, Stephen, ‘Beyond <strong>Rule</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Law</strong> Orthodoxy — The LegalEmpowerment Alternative,’ Carnegie Endowment, October2003.Government <strong>of</strong> India ‘Report on Social Security for UnorganisedWorkers,’ prepared by <strong>the</strong> National Commission forEnterprises in <strong>the</strong> Unorganised Sector, Government <strong>of</strong> India.May 2006.Hart, K. Informal income opportunities and urban employment inGhana. Journal <strong>of</strong> Modern African Studies, 1973.Hyden G., African Politics in Comparative Perspective, CambridgeUniversity Press, New York, 2006.ILO, DG report ‘The Dilemma <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Informal Sector’ 1991______., Dar es Salaam Informal Sector Survey. 1995.______. Central bank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> West African States: Data Bank on micr<strong>of</strong>inance institutions in West African Monetary Union, 1999______., Decent work and <strong>the</strong> informal economy. , 90 th Session. 2002271
______., ‘Ghana Decent Work Pilot Programme- Ghana Working Out <strong>of</strong>Poverty’, January 2006.______., Discussion Paper ‘The Informal Economy’, Committee onEmployment and Social Policy, March 2007______.: A Global Agenda for Employment: Discussion PaperILO, UNIDO, UNDP ‘Roadmap Study <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> informal sector in mainlandTanzania’, 2002.Indon, Reginald ‘Legal Mechanisms to Empower Informal Businesses-Philippines Experience,’ February 2007Ishengoma, Es<strong>the</strong>r K and Robert Kappel, ‘Economic Growth andPoverty: Does Formalisation <strong>of</strong> Informal Enterprises Matter,’German institute <strong>of</strong> Global and Area Studies, April 2006______., Formalising Informal Firms: What can be done? In Analysingand Achieving Pro-Poor Growth. Poverty in Focus.International Poverty Centre. UNDP. March 2007Kapila, Sunita, ‘Unleashing <strong>the</strong> Entrepreneurial Potential <strong>of</strong> Microand Small Businesses in Kenya: Some Experiences andDirections,’ Nairobi, October 2006.Karunagoda, Nanda, ‘Informal Markets for Financial Services in SriLanka,’ Sri Lanka, Aug.2006Kashyap, Arun, ‘Business Rights - Outline and Framework,’ UNDP, July-October 2007.Kawas, Celina and Marla Gitterman. Roundtable on MicroinsuranceServices in <strong>the</strong> Informal Economy: The Role <strong>of</strong> Micro-fi nanceInstitutions .The Ford Foundation. New York. 2000Kenyon, Thomas and Emerson Kapaz, ‘Informality Trap’ Public Policy forPrivate Sector, World Bank, Dec 2005.Kuchta-Helbling, Ca<strong>the</strong>rine ‘Background Paper — Barriers toparticipation: The informal sector in emerging democracies’The World Movement for Democracy, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 2000Lex Mundi Pro Bono Foundation ‘Technical Papers from Bangladesh,Thailand, Philippines, Mexico, Bolivia, Peru, South Africa,Sri Lanka’Loyaza, Norman. The economics <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> informal sector; A simple modeland some empirical evidence from Latin America. WorldBank Policy Research Papers. 1997Loayza, N. and Jamele Rigolini,’ Informality Trends and Cycles’ TheWorld Bank, 2005Lundström, Susanna and Per Ronnås, Swedish InternationalDevelopment Cooperation Agency, Sida in ‘Analysing andachieving Pro-Poor Growth.’ International Poverty Centre,Brazil, March 2007.Moore Dickerson, Claire, ‘Harmonizing Business <strong>Law</strong>s in Africa’ OHADA,2005______., ‘Legal Mechanisms to empower informal businesses— suggested outline and notes’ June 2007.Musiolek Bettina, Working Paper on Informal Economy ‘Decent Workin <strong>the</strong> Informal Sector: Central and Eastern Europe / andCommon Wealth <strong>of</strong> Independent States and o<strong>the</strong>r formerSoviet Republics,’ ILO. 2002.Nicholas, Stephen and Elizabeth Maitland, ‘How business interactswith informal institutions,’ OECD, 2005Ocici, Charles, ‘Entrepreneurship- Ugandan Experience’, International<strong>Law</strong> Institute, Ugandan, African Centre for LegalExcellence, Kampala Uganda, November 2006.Olomi,. Donath R.,’Unleashing Entrepreneurial Potentials <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Poorin Tanzania: Prospects, Challenges and Way Forward.’University <strong>of</strong> Dar es Salaam Entrepreneurship Centre(UDEC), Dar-e- Salaam, Tanzania, November 2006.Palmade, Vincent and Andrea Anayiotos, Rising Informality, Viewpoint298, World Bank, Washington D.C., August 2005Pasquel, Enrique, ‘Legal Tools to Empower Business Organisations- A New Approach to Formalisation’ prepared by ILD, Lima,Peru, December, 2006Daly, Gabriel ‘Best Practices to Empower Business Organisationsprepared by, ILD, Lima, Peru, Dec 2006.Khoudeir, Ayman H. R.: The Informal Sector Impacts on <strong>the</strong>Environment- In Reference to Egypt prepared by <strong>of</strong> SocialFund, Cairo, Egypt. Dec 2006Pritchett, Lant and Michael Woolcock, ‘Solutions when <strong>the</strong> Solution is<strong>the</strong> Problem: Arraying <strong>the</strong> Disarray in Development’ WorldDevelopment 32(2): 2004Sangathan, Manushi. <strong>Law</strong>s, Liberty & Livelihood. A bottom up Agenda<strong>of</strong> Economic Reforms. www.manushi-india.orgSarvananthan, Muttukrishna’Informal Economy in <strong>the</strong> Confl ict AffectedRegion <strong>of</strong> Sri Lanka: An Exploration, The Pathfi nderFoundation, Colombo, Sri Lanka. August 2006.Scott, James ‘Seeing Like a State: How Well-Intentioned Schemes toImprove <strong>the</strong> Human Condition Have Failed ‘ New Haven:Yale University Press1998.Sen, Amartya. ‘Development as Freedom’. First Anchor Books, USA.1999SEWA ‘ Public Private Partnership in Agriculture — SEWA’s experienceand Recommendations, SEWA, Ahmedabad, India.November 2006.SEWA, ‘Self-employed Women’s Association Trade Facilitation Centre(SFTC) — An Overview,’ Prepared by SEWA, Ahmedabad,India.Sobhan, Rehman ‘A Macro Policy for Poverty Eradication throughStructural Change,’ UN University, Wider, January 2005State <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> World: ‘Our Urban Future,’ Worldwatch Institute. 2007Stiglitz, Joseph. ‘Beyond Scarcity: Power. Poverty and <strong>the</strong> global watercrisis.’ New York. 2006.______.. ‘Making Globalization Work’. Penguin Group. UK. 2006.UN Report on Social Development 2005UNDP, ‘Growing Inclusive Markets: Business Works fro Development,Development works for Business,’ June 2007UNDP, ‘Unleashing Entrepreneurship, Making Business Work for <strong>the</strong>Poor,’ March 2004.<strong>United</strong> <strong>Nations</strong> Expert Group on Women and Finance, Women’s WorldBanking, 1994USAID, Removing Barriers to Formalisation: The Case for Reform andEmerging Best Practice, 2005______. ‘Land and Business Formalisation for Legal Empowerment <strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong> Poor’ Nov, 2006.Verdera, F. Informality in Latin America: Recent trends, policies andprospects. Paper prepared for ILO Technical Workshop onOld and New facets <strong>of</strong> informality, Geneva. March 2001.272
- Page 2:
Makingthe LawWork forEveryoneCopyri
- Page 5 and 6:
In reply to its expression of sorro
- Page 7 and 8:
group chaired by Commission members
- Page 9 and 10:
so that their informal contracts ha
- Page 11 and 12:
Table of contentsChapter 1 Access t
- Page 13 and 14:
Reforming Rules Regarding Bearers a
- Page 15 and 16:
The Economics of Informality and th
- Page 18 and 19:
Taking Microcredit Out of the Ghett
- Page 21 and 22:
5.6 Empowerment Domain 1: Access to
- Page 23 and 24:
1. IntroductionThe Commission on Le
- Page 25 and 26:
Theoretical perspectives that infor
- Page 27 and 28:
long-term migrant or refugee popula
- Page 29 and 30:
digital camera that could be used t
- Page 31 and 32:
or social services fraud. Thus, alt
- Page 33 and 34:
3. Strategies to CreateAffordable,
- Page 35 and 36:
is secured through social pressure
- Page 37 and 38:
sufficient guidance as to the best
- Page 39 and 40:
even better, by showing the ones wi
- Page 41 and 42:
A related option is teaching the po
- Page 43 and 44:
some other trusted service provider
- Page 45 and 46:
From an economic perspective this s
- Page 47 and 48:
2007). Such mechanisms prove prefer
- Page 49 and 50:
can play an important role in mobil
- Page 51 and 52:
motives — such as the desire to m
- Page 53 and 54:
of some legal action brought by the
- Page 55 and 56:
ernments may consider to remove art
- Page 57 and 58:
sations may make better decisions a
- Page 59 and 60:
ence others in the supply chain to
- Page 61 and 62:
ing access to justice for disadvant
- Page 63 and 64:
ardisation and simplification) and
- Page 65 and 66:
ary or informal systems, may improv
- Page 67 and 68:
Box 2 Coping with Legal Pluralism i
- Page 69 and 70:
cies (including local authorities)
- Page 71 and 72:
(ADB 2001b). These and other exampl
- Page 73 and 74:
e restructured in a way that reduce
- Page 75 and 76:
impact of a proposed action on some
- Page 77 and 78:
5. Conclusions andRecommendationsIn
- Page 79 and 80:
Chapter 1 Endnotes1 Excellent recen
- Page 81 and 82:
Lopez-de-Silanes, F. 2002. The Poli
- Page 84 and 85:
ChapterTWOEmpowering thePoor Throug
- Page 86 and 87:
the West, but that has made entire
- Page 88 and 89:
and insurance — to facilitate tra
- Page 90 and 91:
Table 1 Mapping the dynamics of leg
- Page 92 and 93:
creasing finance for land reform an
- Page 94 and 95:
I. IntroductionAs these lines are b
- Page 96 and 97:
contributed to its substance. But a
- Page 98 and 99:
sis to protect transactions or to p
- Page 100 and 101:
in their countries is added reason
- Page 102 and 103:
is concentrated in the hands of the
- Page 104 and 105:
property, contribute to the exclusi
- Page 106 and 107:
There may be sound policy reasons f
- Page 108 and 109:
system as a system of rules regardi
- Page 110 and 111:
Box 3 Namibian land reformIn Namibi
- Page 112 and 113:
Box 4 Focus AfricaCustomary rights
- Page 114 and 115:
property, some indigenous peoples a
- Page 116 and 117:
• Where consensus is hard to obta
- Page 118 and 119:
and the establishment of transparen
- Page 120 and 121:
which develop into a fully serviced
- Page 122 and 123:
Box 5 Sale of land: examples oflega
- Page 124 and 125:
as collateral more of the poor woul
- Page 126 and 127:
Enhancing Access to Land and Real P
- Page 128 and 129:
Box 8 Example of Singapore:public h
- Page 130 and 131:
Box 10 Slum upgradinginitiative in
- Page 132 and 133:
2. Pay Attention to Sequencing. The
- Page 134 and 135:
Foster Coalitions of Change in Favo
- Page 136 and 137:
Chapter 2 EndnotesUniversal Declara
- Page 138 and 139:
ers, refl ecting the allocation of
- Page 140 and 141:
ing industry through the scheme. (S
- Page 142 and 143:
193 See Tomlinson 2007.194 UN-ESCAP
- Page 144 and 145:
presented at the National Workshop
- Page 146 and 147:
Property Rights.’ At: http://www.
- Page 148 and 149:
Empowerment, issue 2, Oslo: 65-90.R
- Page 150 and 151:
ChapterTHREETowards a GlobalSocial
- Page 152:
and grounded in conditions of freed
- Page 155 and 156:
voluntary code-of-conduct initiativ
- Page 157 and 158:
outside their protective reach. The
- Page 159 and 160:
and sustainable solutions and peopl
- Page 161 and 162:
Segmentation in the Informal Labour
- Page 163 and 164:
Informalisation of Labour MarketsTh
- Page 165 and 166:
pation worldwide has given rise to
- Page 167 and 168:
through a variety of legal instrume
- Page 169 and 170:
Box 4 Social case for labourregulat
- Page 171 and 172:
Box 5 ILO Conventions and Recommend
- Page 173 and 174:
provision of full, productive, free
- Page 175 and 176:
Labour Conference in 1996, in recog
- Page 177 and 178:
different paths to enforcement, wit
- Page 179 and 180:
Table 1 Mean Measures of Regulation
- Page 181 and 182:
However, a more detailed examinatio
- Page 183 and 184:
countries this translates into unem
- Page 185 and 186:
legislative changes, it will critic
- Page 187 and 188:
6. Principles and practicesof Labou
- Page 189 and 190:
The Homeless People’s Federation
- Page 191 and 192:
Conclusions for national strategies
- Page 193 and 194:
tions and responsive mechanisms tha
- Page 195 and 196:
ticularly the prohibition of forced
- Page 197 and 198:
Annex 1:Recent and current initiati
- Page 199 and 200:
the following four-fold test: ‘(1
- Page 201 and 202:
Nations, the ILO and the World Bank
- Page 203 and 204:
able to go beyond general statement
- Page 205 and 206:
Case 8:Minimum Living Standard Secu
- Page 207 and 208:
Case 11:China’s positive response
- Page 209 and 210:
er, perhaps even prepaid, to ease t
- Page 211 and 212:
48 Including the UN funds, programm
- Page 213 and 214:
the Formal Economy and Informal Reg
- Page 215 and 216:
131—182.Sabel, C., D. O’Rourke,
- Page 217 and 218:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY‘The opposite of
- Page 219 and 220:
vast majority earn their living in
- Page 221 and 222:
and economic activity. First, in or
- Page 223 and 224:
ment procurement, tax rebates, and
- Page 225 and 226:
developing countries, however, info
- Page 227 and 228:
of the provision of adequate infras
- Page 229 and 230:
preneurs and small sector enterpris
- Page 231 and 232:
negative manifestations of informal
- Page 233 and 234:
million persons and their dependent
- Page 235 and 236:
within which business operates offe
- Page 237 and 238:
developed countries. In 1998, women
- Page 239 and 240:
four percent employed in the public
- Page 241 and 242: 3.Business Rights:Unlocking Barrier
- Page 243 and 244: Street VendorsCommon issues and cha
- Page 245 and 246: Box 3 Most Difficult Places toDo Bu
- Page 247 and 248: Case Study:Ukraine and Private Busi
- Page 249 and 250: The Chart below captures broadly th
- Page 251 and 252: in helping the poor create wealth.
- Page 253 and 254: tively unknown markets that require
- Page 255 and 256: Case Study:Linking Markets: Promoti
- Page 257 and 258: micro-finance activities. Micro-fin
- Page 259 and 260: Remittances — the transfer of fun
- Page 261 and 262: Case Study:Durban: A Heterogeneous
- Page 263 and 264: 5. Institutional changesand legal t
- Page 265 and 266: step toward this kind of structure.
- Page 267 and 268: key topics in simple and clear lang
- Page 269 and 270: oped as part of a long-term regulat
- Page 271 and 272: cured creditors have priority to th
- Page 273 and 274: • Access to improved skills and t
- Page 275 and 276: Case Study:Identity, Voice, and Ass
- Page 277 and 278: 6. Pursuing the agenda forchangeOve
- Page 279 and 280: Case Study:Technology and the Infor
- Page 281 and 282: is not the aim to diminish the enor
- Page 283 and 284: in risky environments — in urban
- Page 285 and 286: accepted customary forms could mean
- Page 287 and 288: Recommendations and Key MessagesObj
- Page 289 and 290: Chapter 4 Endnotes1 A business has
- Page 291: than the rich. It further demonstra
- Page 296 and 297: ChapterFIVERoad Maps forImplementat
- Page 298 and 299: Following the contextual analysis
- Page 300 and 301: establish a ‘legal empowerment pr
- Page 302 and 303: targeted indicators endorsed by nat
- Page 304 and 305: 1. Introduction: Attributesof Legal
- Page 306 and 307: 2. Implementation:Challenges andOpp
- Page 308 and 309: nature need to be rewritten or abol
- Page 310 and 311: Figure 5.2 Influences on Policy Imp
- Page 312 and 313: Table 5.2 Illustrative Stakeholder
- Page 314 and 315: effective land control does not nec
- Page 316 and 317: actors and assuming they will behav
- Page 318 and 319: cymakers must tailor their empowerm
- Page 320 and 321: ut some community members report be
- Page 322 and 323: efore taking on implementation, or
- Page 324 and 325: Table 5.3. Political Administrative
- Page 326 and 327: not give up their position willingl
- Page 328 and 329: Box 5.5 Authority Systems: Land Rig
- Page 330 and 331: Afinal source of complexity is that
- Page 332 and 333: almost always have the upper hand b
- Page 334 and 335: Table 5.4 Skeleton Diagnostic Tool:
- Page 336 and 337: 3.Roadmaps toImplementationReforms
- Page 338 and 339: Table 5.5 Country Specific Implemen
- Page 340 and 341: Table 5.7 Empowerment Domain 2: Pro
- Page 342 and 343:
Table 5.8 Empowerment Domain 3: Lab
- Page 344 and 345:
Table 5.10 LEP Implementation Strat
- Page 346 and 347:
plans, poverty reduction strategies
- Page 348 and 349:
Box 5.7 Land Sector Harmonisation,
- Page 350 and 351:
quality and utility in establishing
- Page 352 and 353:
Table 5.12 A Framework for a Demand
- Page 354 and 355:
Empowerment of the poor in the end
- Page 356 and 357:
4.Bring existing technical solution
- Page 358 and 359:
Annex 1: PolicyImplementation Tools
- Page 360:
MIS: A Management Information Syste
- Page 363 and 364:
Training (on leadership, group work
- Page 365:
of labour disputes: An internationa
- Page 368 and 369:
on whether patent and copyright pro
- Page 370 and 371:
oads — cover only a limited numbe
- Page 372 and 373:
28 http://www.ilo.org/dyn/gender/ge
- Page 374:
Ouchi, Fumika. 2004. Twinning as a