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External Monitoring ................................................................................... 49Structural Reforms .................................................................................... 50Administrative Law Reform ........................................................................... 53Legal Mechanisms to Facilitate Participation and Monitoring ........................ 53Judicial Review of Administrative Decisions................................................. 54Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................................ 56Chapter 1 Endnotes ..................................................................................... 58Chapter 1 Bibliography ................................................................................. 58Boxes1 Rule of Law and Justice ........................................................................... 32 Coping with Legal Pluralism in Relations to Women’s Rights in Ethiopia ...... 46Tables1 Needs for Norms and Interventions .......................................................... 15Chapter 2 Empowering the Poor Through Property Rights ......................... 63Introduction .................................................................................................... 73Faltering Property Rights: The Nature And Scale Of The Problem.............................. 76Growing Slums and Legal Voids ..................................................................... 76Dire Consequences and Missed Development Opportunities .......................... 76Rural Poverty and Property Rights ................................................................. 77Rural Land Relations and Extreme Poverty .................................................. 77Rural Land Relations and Armed Conflict .................................................... 77Natural Resources ........................................................................................ 77Women Especially Affected ........................................................................... 77Indigenous Peoples ...................................................................................... 78Focus on Indigenous Tenure Systems .......................................................... 79Important Numbers of Customary Land Holders ........................................... 79Refugees, Internally Displaced Persons .......................................................... 80Barriers Versus Facilitators of Change ................................................................. 80Resistance of Powerful Social Actors ............................................................. 80Structural Obstacles and Facilitators of Change .............................................. 80Realising Turnaround .................................................................................. 81Learning From The Past ..................................................................................... 82Problematic Practices and Omissions ............................................................ 82Six General Lessons from Past Mistakes are Presented as Follows: ................ 82Lessons From Mistakes Related to Land and Real Property ........................... 83Experienced Consequences........................................................................ 85Recommendations For Reform And Improved Action................................................ 86
Reforming Rules Regarding Bearers and Bundles of Property Rights ................. 86Individual and Common Private Property ..................................................... 87Recognising Customary Tenure and Communities as Bearers ofProperty Rights to Land and Natural Resources ........................................... 88Critical Issues in the Recognition of Customary and Indigenous Tenure Systems ...90Measures to Make Property Systems More Gender Equitable ......................... 91Intellectual Property Rights and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples:The Task Ahead ........................................................................................ 92Reforming Property Governance in View of the Least Advantaged Customer ....... 94Changing Legislation ................................................................................. 94Reform Priorities in Land and Real Property Administration .......................... 95Increasing Transparency in Public Land Use and Planning ............................ 96Zoning and City Planning ........................................................................... 97Implementation and Dispute Settlement ..................................................... 99Reforming the Property System as a Market of Assets for the Poor .................. 100Market Development ............................................................................... 100Moveable and Intangible Property: A Missing Piece of the Development Puzzle ...102Equity Based Asset-Building for the Poor ..................................................... 103Creating Property Value for the Poor by Shareholder Systems ...................... 103Enhancing Access to Land and Real Property ............................................ 105The Beneficial Effects of Property Related Education and Relevant Information ..106Promoting Access to Housing ................................................................... 106Public Private Partnerships ...................................................................... 108Fostering Citizenship and Legal Empowerment through Consultation,Information and Participatory Property ReformRecommendations for Policy Design and Sequencing ................................. 110What can Donor Countries and Multilateralism do for the Promotion ofProperty Rights and the Global Poor ......................................................... 112Concluding Message .................................................................................. 114Chapter 2 Endnotes ................................................................................... 115Chapter 2 Bibliography ............................................................................... 121Boxes 1 The world’s poor: a demographic note ............................................... 62 Acquiring property rights for the poor ............................................. 883 Namibian land reform .................................................................... 894 Focus Africa ................................................................................. 915 Sale of land: examples of legal issues ........................................... 1016 The Grameen Bank ...................................................................... 1047 Mexico: The Poor Rely on Pawnshops Instead of Banks ................... 1058 Example of Singapore: Public Housing as Economic Stimulant ........ 1079 Singapore: Importance of Workers’ Central Provident Fund .............. 108
Page 2: Makingthe LawWork forEveryoneCopyri
Page 5 and 6: In reply to its expression of sorro
Page 7 and 8: group chaired by Commission members
Page 9 and 10: so that their informal contracts ha
Page 11: Table of contentsChapter 1 Access t
Page 15 and 16: The Economics of Informality and th
Page 18 and 19: Taking Microcredit Out of the Ghett
Page 21 and 22: 5.6 Empowerment Domain 1: Access to
Page 23 and 24: 1. IntroductionThe Commission on Le
Page 25 and 26: Theoretical perspectives that infor
Page 27 and 28: long-term migrant or refugee popula
Page 29 and 30: digital camera that could be used t
Page 31 and 32: or social services fraud. Thus, alt
Page 33 and 34: 3. Strategies to CreateAffordable,
Page 35 and 36: is secured through social pressure
Page 37 and 38: sufficient guidance as to the best
Page 39 and 40: even better, by showing the ones wi
Page 41 and 42: A related option is teaching the po
Page 43 and 44: some other trusted service provider
Page 45 and 46: From an economic perspective this s
Page 47 and 48: 2007). Such mechanisms prove prefer
Page 49 and 50: can play an important role in mobil
Page 51 and 52: motives — such as the desire to m
Page 53 and 54: of some legal action brought by the
Page 55 and 56: ernments may consider to remove art
Page 57 and 58: sations may make better decisions a
Page 59 and 60: ence others in the supply chain to
Page 61 and 62: ing access to justice for disadvant
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ardisation and simplification) and
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ary or informal systems, may improv
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Box 2 Coping with Legal Pluralism i
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cies (including local authorities)
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(ADB 2001b). These and other exampl
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e restructured in a way that reduce
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impact of a proposed action on some
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5. Conclusions andRecommendationsIn
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Chapter 1 Endnotes1 Excellent recen
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Lopez-de-Silanes, F. 2002. The Poli
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ChapterTWOEmpowering thePoor Throug
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the West, but that has made entire
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and insurance — to facilitate tra
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Table 1 Mapping the dynamics of leg
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creasing finance for land reform an
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I. IntroductionAs these lines are b
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contributed to its substance. But a
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sis to protect transactions or to p
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in their countries is added reason
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is concentrated in the hands of the
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property, contribute to the exclusi
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There may be sound policy reasons f
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system as a system of rules regardi
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Box 3 Namibian land reformIn Namibi
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Box 4 Focus AfricaCustomary rights
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property, some indigenous peoples a
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• Where consensus is hard to obta
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and the establishment of transparen
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which develop into a fully serviced
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Box 5 Sale of land: examples oflega
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as collateral more of the poor woul
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Enhancing Access to Land and Real P
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Box 8 Example of Singapore:public h
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Box 10 Slum upgradinginitiative in
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2. Pay Attention to Sequencing. The
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Foster Coalitions of Change in Favo
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Chapter 2 EndnotesUniversal Declara
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ers, refl ecting the allocation of
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ing industry through the scheme. (S
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193 See Tomlinson 2007.194 UN-ESCAP
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presented at the National Workshop
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Property Rights.’ At: http://www.
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Empowerment, issue 2, Oslo: 65-90.R
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ChapterTHREETowards a GlobalSocial
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and grounded in conditions of freed
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voluntary code-of-conduct initiativ
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outside their protective reach. The
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and sustainable solutions and peopl
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Segmentation in the Informal Labour
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Informalisation of Labour MarketsTh
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pation worldwide has given rise to
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through a variety of legal instrume
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Box 4 Social case for labourregulat
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Box 5 ILO Conventions and Recommend
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provision of full, productive, free
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Labour Conference in 1996, in recog
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different paths to enforcement, wit
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Table 1 Mean Measures of Regulation
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However, a more detailed examinatio
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countries this translates into unem
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legislative changes, it will critic
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6. Principles and practicesof Labou
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The Homeless People’s Federation
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Conclusions for national strategies
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tions and responsive mechanisms tha
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ticularly the prohibition of forced
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Annex 1:Recent and current initiati
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the following four-fold test: ‘(1
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Nations, the ILO and the World Bank
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able to go beyond general statement
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Case 8:Minimum Living Standard Secu
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Case 11:China’s positive response
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er, perhaps even prepaid, to ease t
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48 Including the UN funds, programm
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the Formal Economy and Informal Reg
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131—182.Sabel, C., D. O’Rourke,
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY‘The opposite of
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vast majority earn their living in
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and economic activity. First, in or
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ment procurement, tax rebates, and
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developing countries, however, info
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of the provision of adequate infras
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preneurs and small sector enterpris
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negative manifestations of informal
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million persons and their dependent
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within which business operates offe
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developed countries. In 1998, women
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four percent employed in the public
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3.Business Rights:Unlocking Barrier
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Street VendorsCommon issues and cha
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Box 3 Most Difficult Places toDo Bu
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Case Study:Ukraine and Private Busi
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The Chart below captures broadly th
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in helping the poor create wealth.
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tively unknown markets that require
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Case Study:Linking Markets: Promoti
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micro-finance activities. Micro-fin
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Remittances — the transfer of fun
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Case Study:Durban: A Heterogeneous
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5. Institutional changesand legal t
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step toward this kind of structure.
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key topics in simple and clear lang
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oped as part of a long-term regulat
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cured creditors have priority to th
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• Access to improved skills and t
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Case Study:Identity, Voice, and Ass
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6. Pursuing the agenda forchangeOve
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Case Study:Technology and the Infor
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is not the aim to diminish the enor
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in risky environments — in urban
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accepted customary forms could mean
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Recommendations and Key MessagesObj
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Chapter 4 Endnotes1 A business has
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than the rich. It further demonstra
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______., ‘Ghana Decent Work Pilot
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ChapterFIVERoad Maps forImplementat
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Following the contextual analysis
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establish a ‘legal empowerment pr
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targeted indicators endorsed by nat
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1. Introduction: Attributesof Legal
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2. Implementation:Challenges andOpp
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nature need to be rewritten or abol
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Figure 5.2 Influences on Policy Imp
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Table 5.2 Illustrative Stakeholder
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effective land control does not nec
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actors and assuming they will behav
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cymakers must tailor their empowerm
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ut some community members report be
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efore taking on implementation, or
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Table 5.3. Political Administrative
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not give up their position willingl
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Box 5.5 Authority Systems: Land Rig
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Afinal source of complexity is that
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almost always have the upper hand b
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Table 5.4 Skeleton Diagnostic Tool:
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3.Roadmaps toImplementationReforms
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Table 5.5 Country Specific Implemen
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Table 5.7 Empowerment Domain 2: Pro
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Table 5.8 Empowerment Domain 3: Lab
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Table 5.10 LEP Implementation Strat
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plans, poverty reduction strategies
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Box 5.7 Land Sector Harmonisation,
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quality and utility in establishing
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Table 5.12 A Framework for a Demand
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Empowerment of the poor in the end
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4.Bring existing technical solution
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Annex 1: PolicyImplementation Tools
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MIS: A Management Information Syste
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Training (on leadership, group work
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of labour disputes: An internationa
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on whether patent and copyright pro
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oads — cover only a limited numbe
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28 http://www.ilo.org/dyn/gender/ge
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Ouchi, Fumika. 2004. Twinning as a
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