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193 See Tomlinson 2007.194 UN-ESCAP 1994; Banerjee, 1995. Haryana Urban DevelopmentAuthority (HUDA) in India enters into partnership with private developersto develop townships in the highly sought-after periphery of Delhi. Thisland is under agricultural land ceiling and not available for urban use,except with the permission of HUDA with the condition that 20 percentof the housing should go to the poor.195 TDR is included as part of the national urban policy in Brazil.Implementation started with 10,000 houses for 120 co-operatives ofthe poor between 1989 and 1992 in Sao Paolo. (Fernandes, 2002.) NGOslike Instituto Polis continue to provide advocacy and technical and legalassistance to slum communities and land owners to implement theapproach in several cities of Brazil. In Mumbai TDR is linked with thegovernment’s policy of 1999 of providing houses free of cost to 4 millionslum dwellers in fi ve years. (Burra, 2005.)196 UN-ESCAP, 1994.197 See Panaritis, 2007.198 Guidance can be found in Alden Wily 2002. See also Deininger etal. 2007; see ILD 1994, 2002, 2004.199 Mosqueira, 2007.200 See Collier 2007: 135-140.201 Rajan, 2005.202 Collier 2007: 140-156.Chapter 2 BibliographyAcemoglu, D. and J.A. Robinson. 2005. Economic Origins of Democracyand Dictatorships. Cambridge University Press.Acemoglu, Daron, James Robinson and Simon Johnson. 2004. ‘Institutionsas the Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth.’NBER Working Paper No. 10481.ADB. 2002. Indigenous Peoples/Ethnic Minorities and Poverty Reduction:Philippines. Manila: Asian Development Bank.Agarwal, Bina. 1994. A Field of One’s Own. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.Ahmed, Fauzia Erfan. 2007. ‘Microcredit, Segmentation, and PovertyAlleviation Strategy for Women.’ In: Kasturi Rangan et al.:15-24Alden Wily, Liz and Mbaya, S. 2001. Land, people and forests in easternand southern Africa at the beginning of the 21st Century.The impact of land relations of the role of communities inforest future. IUCN-EARO.Alden Wily, Liz. 2002. Getting the Process Right: Land Administrationas Governance: A discourse on the political economy ofland tenure management. Comments on the Legal Basis forLand Administration in an African Context. Paper presentedto the World Bank Land Policy Conference in Africa, April29-May 2 2002, Kampala, Uganda._______. 2003. Governance and Land Relations. A Review of Decentralizationof Land Administration and Management inAfrica. Land Tenure and Resources Series. InternationalInstitute for Environment and Development [IIED] London._______. 2004a. Putting Rural Land Registration in Perspective:The Afghanistan Case in Proceedings Land Administrationin Post Confl ict Areas; 71-93. International Federation ofSurveyors Commission 7 Cadastre and Land Management,2004. http://www.fi g.net/commission7/geneva_2004/index.htm (for original draft only)_______. 2004b. Rural Land Relations in Confl ict: A Way Forward.Policy Brief. Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit,Kabul August 2004. http://www.areu.org.af_______. 2005. From Meeting Needs to Honouring Rights: The Evolutionof Community Forestry Chapter 19 in The EarthscanReader in Forestry and Development (ed. Jeffrey Sayer)2005; 388-394. Earthscan UK (originally a Keynote Addressto the World Forestry Congress Quebec 2003)_______. 2006. The Commons and Customary Law in Modern Times:Rethinking the Orthodoxies. In From Knowledge to Action. EMwangi (ed.). CaPri, Washington._______. 2006b. Formalizing the Informal: Is There a Way to SecureHuman Potential through Land Entitlement? A Review ofChanging Administration in Africa, in: Linking the Formaland Informal Economy Concepts and Policies. Edited by B.Guha-khasnobis, R. Kunbur and E. Ostrom. Oxford UniversityPress._______. 2006c. Land Rights Reform and Governance in Africa: Howto Make it Work in the 21st Century? UNDP October 2006.______. 2007. An Interim Note on Customary Land Tenure in Post-Confl ict Liberia.121
Alexander, E. 2001. ‘A Transaction Costs Theory of Land Use Planningand Development Control,’ Town Planning Review 72/1:45-76.Allanic, Benoît. 2003. «La nouvelle coutume urbaine: Évolutioncomparée des fi lières coutumières de la gestion foncièreurbaine dans les pays d’Afrique subSaharienne. Le cas deMandela Village, South Africa. » ISTED, DFID.Alston, Lee, Gary Libecap and Robert Schneider. 1996. ‘The Determinantsand Impact of Property Rights: Land Titles on theBrazilian Frontier.’ Journal of Law, Economics, and Organisation12:1 (1996): 1569-1614.Aristazabal, Nora and Andres Gomes.2004. ‘Improving Security withoutTitles in Bogotá.’ Habitat International 28/2.Asian Development Bank. 2004. Technical Assistance to the IslamicRepublic of Afghanistan for Capacity Building in LandPolicy and Administration Reform. Manila: ADB.Augustinus, Clarissa and Barry, Michael. 2006. ‘Land ManagementStrategy Formulation in Post Confl ict Societies.’ SurveyReview 38: 668-681.Augustinus, Clarissa. 2003. ‘Handbook on Best Practices: Securityof Tenure and Access to Land — Implementation of theHabitat Agenda.’ UN-Habitat, Nairobi.Baechtold, Philippe. 2006. ‘Public Policy Objectives and IntellectualProperty Rights.’ In: de Soto/Cheneval 2006: 266-277.Banerjee, Abhijit and Lakshmi. Iyer. 2005. ‘History, Institutions andEconomic Performance: The Legacy of Colonial Land TenureSystems in India.’ Available at: http://econ-www.mit.edu/fi les/511Banerjee, Banashree. 2002. ‘Security of Tenure in Indian Cities.’ In:Durand-Lasserve, A. and Royston L. (eds.). Holding theirGround: Secure Land Tenure for the Urban in DevelopingCountries, London: Earthscan Publications, 37-58._______. 2004. ‘Maximising the impact of tenure and infrastructureprogrammes on housing conditions: the case of slums inIndian Cities’ paper presented at International Conferenceon Adequate and Affordable Housing for All - Research,Policy, Practice, June 24-27, Toronto_______. 2005. ‘Recognition, Regularization and Relocation of Slumsin Madhya Pradesh.’ Background Note for the design ofDFID supported Madhya Pradesh Urban Services for thePoor (Mimeo)_______. 2006. ‘Land Titling in Urban and Peri-urban Areas in India:Experiences and Issues.’ Paper presented at the ResearchWorkshop on Social and Economic Impacts of Land titlingin Urban and Peri-urban Areas, Charney Manor, CharneyBassett, UK, 12-15 December 2006._______. 1995. ‘Urban Land: Is there hope for the Poor?’ In: Singh,K. and Steinberg, F. (eds.), Urban India in Crisis, Oxford,New Delhi.Barry, Michael. 2002. Periurban Agriculture and Tenure in South Africa:Strategies for Tenure Regularization. United Nations Foodand Agricultural Organisation (FAO) publication series,Rome.Barzel, Y. 1997. Economic Analysis of Property Rights, Cambridge, MA:Cambridge University Press.Benjaminsen, T. A. 2006. ‘The emerging formalisation agenda andsome empirical evidence from Africa.’A paper presented atthe Colloque international: At the Frontier of Land Issues.Social Embeddedness of rights and public policy. MontpellierCampus ENSAM-INRA, France, May 17, 18 and19 2006.Bertaud A. and Malpezzi S. 2001. ‘Measuring the Costs and Benefi ts ofUrban Land Use Regulation: A Simple Model with an Applicationto Malaysia,’ Journal of Housing Economics 10/3:393-418.Besley, Timothy. 1995. ‘Property Rights and Investment Incentives:Theory and Evidence from Ghana,’ Journal of PoliticalEconomy 103(5), 903-937.Binswanger, Hans, Klaus Deininger and Gershon Feder. 1995. ‘Power,Distortions, Revolt, and Reform in Agrarian Relations.’ InJ. Berman and T.N. Srinivasan (eds.). Handbook of DevelopmentEconomics. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, NorthHolland.Bird, M. and E. Slack. 2002. ‘Land and Property Taxation around theWorld: A Review 2002.’ Paper presented in Hungary andMexico at World Bank Policy SeminarsBlesoe, David. 2006. ‘Can Land Titling and Registration Reduce Poverty?’In Bruce et al. 2006: 143-174.Boonyabancha, Somsook. 2005. ‘Mainstreaming community led processesfor housing and poverty alleviation: the developmentof CODI and the Baan Mankong Programme.’ Case Study21 — Thailand, available at http://www.community-planning.netBoudreaux, Karol. 2007. ‘State Power, Entrepreneurship, and Coffee:The Rwandan Experience.’ Mercatus Centre. EnterpriseAfrica! Working Paper_______. 2006. ‘The Effects of Property Titling in Langa Township,South Africa.’ Mercatus Policy Series, Policy Comment No.4, available at: http://www.enterprise-africa.org/repository/docLib/20060524_Langa.pdf_______. 2007. ‘Community-Based Natural Resource Managementand Poverty Alleviation in Namibia: A Case Study.’ MercatusPolicy Series, Policy Comment Nr. 10.Bruce, John W. and Migot-Adholla, S. (eds.). 1994. Searching for Securityof Land Tenure in Africa. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.Bruce, John W. 2006. ‘Reform of Land Law in the Context of World BankLending.’ in Bruce et al. 2006, pp. 11-65.Bruce, John W., Giovarelli, R. Giovarelli, L. Rolfes, D. Bledsoe and R.Mitchell. 2006. Land Law Reform. Achieving DevelopmentPolicy Objectives. World Bank Law, Justice, and DevelopmentSeries. Washington: WB.Brustinow, Angelika. 2006. ‘Out of Court Dispute Resolution as aPractical Tool for Legal Empowerment”, in: NorwegianMinistry of Foreign Affairs, Legal Empowerment, issue 2,Oslo: 91-113.Buckley, Robert M. and Jerry Kalarickal. 2006. ‘Land Market Issues:The Mystery of Capital Revisited. Urban Land Policy — IsTitling the Answer?’ in Buckley and Kalarickal (eds.). Thirtyyears of World Bank Shelter Lending: Directions in DevelopmentInfrastructure. World Bank, Washington, DC.Burns, Tony. 2006. ‘International Experience with Land AdministrationProjects: a Framework for Monitoring of Pilots’. Paper122
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Makingthe LawWork forEveryoneCopyri
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In reply to its expression of sorro
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group chaired by Commission members
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so that their informal contracts ha
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Table of contentsChapter 1 Access t
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Reforming Rules Regarding Bearers a
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The Economics of Informality and th
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Taking Microcredit Out of the Ghett
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5.6 Empowerment Domain 1: Access to
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1. IntroductionThe Commission on Le
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Theoretical perspectives that infor
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long-term migrant or refugee popula
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digital camera that could be used t
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or social services fraud. Thus, alt
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3. Strategies to CreateAffordable,
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is secured through social pressure
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sufficient guidance as to the best
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even better, by showing the ones wi
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A related option is teaching the po
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some other trusted service provider
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From an economic perspective this s
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2007). Such mechanisms prove prefer
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can play an important role in mobil
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motives — such as the desire to m
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of some legal action brought by the
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ernments may consider to remove art
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sations may make better decisions a
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ence others in the supply chain to
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ing access to justice for disadvant
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ardisation and simplification) and
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ary or informal systems, may improv
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Box 2 Coping with Legal Pluralism i
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cies (including local authorities)
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(ADB 2001b). These and other exampl
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e restructured in a way that reduce
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impact of a proposed action on some
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5. Conclusions andRecommendationsIn
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Chapter 1 Endnotes1 Excellent recen
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Lopez-de-Silanes, F. 2002. The Poli
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ChapterTWOEmpowering thePoor Throug
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the West, but that has made entire
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and insurance — to facilitate tra
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Table 1 Mapping the dynamics of leg
Page 92 and 93: creasing finance for land reform an
Page 94 and 95: I. IntroductionAs these lines are b
Page 96 and 97: contributed to its substance. But a
Page 98 and 99: sis to protect transactions or to p
Page 100 and 101: in their countries is added reason
Page 102 and 103: is concentrated in the hands of the
Page 104 and 105: property, contribute to the exclusi
Page 106 and 107: There may be sound policy reasons f
Page 108 and 109: system as a system of rules regardi
Page 110 and 111: Box 3 Namibian land reformIn Namibi
Page 112 and 113: Box 4 Focus AfricaCustomary rights
Page 114 and 115: property, some indigenous peoples a
Page 116 and 117: • Where consensus is hard to obta
Page 118 and 119: and the establishment of transparen
Page 120 and 121: which develop into a fully serviced
Page 122 and 123: Box 5 Sale of land: examples oflega
Page 124 and 125: as collateral more of the poor woul
Page 126 and 127: Enhancing Access to Land and Real P
Page 128 and 129: Box 8 Example of Singapore:public h
Page 130 and 131: Box 10 Slum upgradinginitiative in
Page 132 and 133: 2. Pay Attention to Sequencing. The
Page 134 and 135: Foster Coalitions of Change in Favo
Page 136 and 137: Chapter 2 EndnotesUniversal Declara
Page 138 and 139: ers, refl ecting the allocation of
Page 140 and 141: ing industry through the scheme. (S
Page 144 and 145: presented at the National Workshop
Page 146 and 147: Property Rights.’ At: http://www.
Page 148 and 149: Empowerment, issue 2, Oslo: 65-90.R
Page 150 and 151: ChapterTHREETowards a GlobalSocial
Page 152: and grounded in conditions of freed
Page 155 and 156: voluntary code-of-conduct initiativ
Page 157 and 158: outside their protective reach. The
Page 159 and 160: and sustainable solutions and peopl
Page 161 and 162: Segmentation in the Informal Labour
Page 163 and 164: Informalisation of Labour MarketsTh
Page 165 and 166: pation worldwide has given rise to
Page 167 and 168: through a variety of legal instrume
Page 169 and 170: Box 4 Social case for labourregulat
Page 171 and 172: Box 5 ILO Conventions and Recommend
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Page 175 and 176: Labour Conference in 1996, in recog
Page 177 and 178: different paths to enforcement, wit
Page 179 and 180: Table 1 Mean Measures of Regulation
Page 181 and 182: However, a more detailed examinatio
Page 183 and 184: countries this translates into unem
Page 185 and 186: legislative changes, it will critic
Page 187 and 188: 6. Principles and practicesof Labou
Page 189 and 190: The Homeless People’s Federation
Page 191 and 192: Conclusions for national strategies
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tions and responsive mechanisms tha
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ticularly the prohibition of forced
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Annex 1:Recent and current initiati
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the following four-fold test: ‘(1
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Nations, the ILO and the World Bank
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able to go beyond general statement
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Case 8:Minimum Living Standard Secu
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Case 11:China’s positive response
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er, perhaps even prepaid, to ease t
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48 Including the UN funds, programm
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the Formal Economy and Informal Reg
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131—182.Sabel, C., D. O’Rourke,
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY‘The opposite of
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vast majority earn their living in
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and economic activity. First, in or
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ment procurement, tax rebates, and
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developing countries, however, info
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of the provision of adequate infras
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preneurs and small sector enterpris
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negative manifestations of informal
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million persons and their dependent
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within which business operates offe
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developed countries. In 1998, women
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four percent employed in the public
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3.Business Rights:Unlocking Barrier
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Street VendorsCommon issues and cha
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Box 3 Most Difficult Places toDo Bu
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Case Study:Ukraine and Private Busi
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The Chart below captures broadly th
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in helping the poor create wealth.
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tively unknown markets that require
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Case Study:Linking Markets: Promoti
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micro-finance activities. Micro-fin
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Remittances — the transfer of fun
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Case Study:Durban: A Heterogeneous
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5. Institutional changesand legal t
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step toward this kind of structure.
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key topics in simple and clear lang
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oped as part of a long-term regulat
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cured creditors have priority to th
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• Access to improved skills and t
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Case Study:Identity, Voice, and Ass
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6. Pursuing the agenda forchangeOve
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Case Study:Technology and the Infor
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is not the aim to diminish the enor
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in risky environments — in urban
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accepted customary forms could mean
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Recommendations and Key MessagesObj
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Chapter 4 Endnotes1 A business has
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than the rich. It further demonstra
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______., ‘Ghana Decent Work Pilot
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ChapterFIVERoad Maps forImplementat
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Following the contextual analysis
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establish a ‘legal empowerment pr
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targeted indicators endorsed by nat
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1. Introduction: Attributesof Legal
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2. Implementation:Challenges andOpp
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nature need to be rewritten or abol
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Figure 5.2 Influences on Policy Imp
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Table 5.2 Illustrative Stakeholder
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effective land control does not nec
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actors and assuming they will behav
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cymakers must tailor their empowerm
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ut some community members report be
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efore taking on implementation, or
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Table 5.3. Political Administrative
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not give up their position willingl
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Box 5.5 Authority Systems: Land Rig
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Afinal source of complexity is that
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almost always have the upper hand b
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Table 5.4 Skeleton Diagnostic Tool:
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3.Roadmaps toImplementationReforms
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Table 5.5 Country Specific Implemen
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Table 5.7 Empowerment Domain 2: Pro
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Table 5.8 Empowerment Domain 3: Lab
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Table 5.10 LEP Implementation Strat
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plans, poverty reduction strategies
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Box 5.7 Land Sector Harmonisation,
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quality and utility in establishing
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Table 5.12 A Framework for a Demand
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Empowerment of the poor in the end
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4.Bring existing technical solution
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Annex 1: PolicyImplementation Tools
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MIS: A Management Information Syste
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Training (on leadership, group work
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of labour disputes: An internationa
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on whether patent and copyright pro
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oads — cover only a limited numbe
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28 http://www.ilo.org/dyn/gender/ge
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Ouchi, Fumika. 2004. Twinning as a
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