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Taking Microcredit Out of the Ghetto ........................................................... 259Mutual Funds for the Poor .......................................................................... 260Institutionalising the Collective Identity of Poor and Informal Businesses ........ 261Business Rights - Provides Value Based Change Process ................................ 262Pillars of Change ....................................................................................... 263Conclusions............................................................................................... 265Recommendations and Key Messages .......................................................... 266Objectives of Empowerment Process ......................................................... 266Means to Meet Objectives ........................................................................ 266The Formalisation Debate ........................................................................ 266Chapter 4 Endnotes ................................................................................... 267Chapter 4 Bibliography ............................................................................... 271Boxes 1 Empowering Indigenous People through Entrepreneurship ............... 2172 Unlocking Barriers: Legal Mechanisms to Empower InformalBusinesses .................................................................................... 2213 Most Difficult Places to Do Business (by specific category) .............. 2244 Largest Multi-National Company has 2.3 Million Rural Poor Womenas Shareholders ............................................................................. 260Case StudiesUkraine and Private Business Development ............................................... 226New Markets Lead to New Opportunities for Rural Informal Businesses—VegCARE, Kenya ..................................................................................... 232Linking Markets: Promoting Sustainable Tourism Development withIndigenous and Rural Communitiesin Latin America ................................... 234Alternate Model of Informal Credit: SMEs Helping Informal Enterprises in Peru ..235Construmex (Mexico) — Helping Migrants with Remittances ....................... 238Durban: A Heterogeneous Solution Through Public Private Partnership ........ 240Buy-back Centres for Waste Collectors: A Public-Private-CommunityPartnership Model .................................................................................. 240“Tell us How to Make Legal Mechanisms and Tools Work for InformalBusinesses.” President Benjamin Mkapa, Tanzania .................................... 243Business Registration Reform in Uganda ................................................... 245Identity, Voice And Association In The Informal Economy —A Long Journey Of Self-employed Women’s Association (Sewa), India .......... 254Technology and the Informal Sector: Fishing with Mobile Phones ................ 258Figures 1 GDP Per Capita and the Size of the Shadow Economy ..................... 2132 Indigenous Private Sector Development and Regulation in Africa andCentral Europe: A 10-country Study ................................................. 2133 Regulatory Burdens Impacting on Informal Enterprises ................... 2234 Regulatory Environment and Informality ........................................ 2255 Legal Empowerment of Informal Enterprises .................................. 263
Chapter 5 Road Maps for Implementation of Reforms:Implementation Strategies, Including Toolkits and Indices ..................... 275Road Maps to Implementation .................................................................... 278Mapping Legal Empowerment beyond the Nation State .................................. 279Toolkits and Indices ................................................................................... 279Strategy and Tactics ................................................................................... 281Introduction: Attributes of Legal Empowerment .................................................... 283Implementation: Challenges and Opportunities .................................................... 285Policy Initiation ......................................................................................... 287Policy Champions ...................................................................................... 288Forces Affecting Implementation ................................................................. 289Policy Stakeholders .................................................................................... 290Beneficiaries ............................................................................................. 291Allies ........................................................................................................ 294Practitioners.............................................................................................. 295Challengers ............................................................................................... 295Policy Environment and Contextual Analysis ................................................. 296Social Structure ......................................................................................... 296Economic Context ...................................................................................... 297Political System ......................................................................................... 298Administrative State ................................................................................... 300Informality ................................................................................................ 302Policy Characteristics ................................................................................. 308Complexity ................................................................................................ 308Ambiguity ................................................................................................. 309Discord ..................................................................................................... 310Diagnosing the Influence on Policy Implementation ....................................... 312An Approach to Implementation for Country ‘X’............................................. 312Road Maps to Implementation .......................................................................... 315Mapping the Empowerment Domains ........................................................... 316Mapping the LEP Agenda at Different Political/Administrative Levels .............. 322Activities at Global Level ............................................................................ 323Activities at the Regional and Sub-regional Levels ......................................... 324Activities at National Level ......................................................................... 325Activities at the Local Level ........................................................................ 325Country Level Approaches, Toolkits and Indices................................................... 325Countries Piloting Legal Empowerment Reform ............................................. 325Choosing the Appropriate Country Level Process ........................................... 326Tools to Support Legal Empowerment Reforms .............................................. 328
Page 2: Makingthe LawWork forEveryoneCopyri
Page 5 and 6: In reply to its expression of sorro
Page 7 and 8: group chaired by Commission members
Page 9 and 10: so that their informal contracts ha
Page 11 and 12: Table of contentsChapter 1 Access t
Page 13 and 14: Reforming Rules Regarding Bearers a
Page 15 and 16: The Economics of Informality and th
Page 21 and 22: 5.6 Empowerment Domain 1: Access to
Page 23 and 24: 1. IntroductionThe Commission on Le
Page 25 and 26: Theoretical perspectives that infor
Page 27 and 28: long-term migrant or refugee popula
Page 29 and 30: digital camera that could be used t
Page 31 and 32: or social services fraud. Thus, alt
Page 33 and 34: 3. Strategies to CreateAffordable,
Page 35 and 36: is secured through social pressure
Page 37 and 38: sufficient guidance as to the best
Page 39 and 40: even better, by showing the ones wi
Page 41 and 42: A related option is teaching the po
Page 43 and 44: some other trusted service provider
Page 45 and 46: From an economic perspective this s
Page 47 and 48: 2007). Such mechanisms prove prefer
Page 49 and 50: can play an important role in mobil
Page 51 and 52: motives — such as the desire to m
Page 53 and 54: of some legal action brought by the
Page 55 and 56: ernments may consider to remove art
Page 57 and 58: sations may make better decisions a
Page 59 and 60: ence others in the supply chain to
Page 61 and 62: ing access to justice for disadvant
Page 63 and 64: ardisation and simplification) and
Page 65 and 66: ary or informal systems, may improv
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Box 2 Coping with Legal Pluralism i
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cies (including local authorities)
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(ADB 2001b). These and other exampl
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e restructured in a way that reduce
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impact of a proposed action on some
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5. Conclusions andRecommendationsIn
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Chapter 1 Endnotes1 Excellent recen
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Lopez-de-Silanes, F. 2002. The Poli
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ChapterTWOEmpowering thePoor Throug
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the West, but that has made entire
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and insurance — to facilitate tra
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Table 1 Mapping the dynamics of leg
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creasing finance for land reform an
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I. IntroductionAs these lines are b
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contributed to its substance. But a
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sis to protect transactions or to p
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in their countries is added reason
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is concentrated in the hands of the
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property, contribute to the exclusi
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There may be sound policy reasons f
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system as a system of rules regardi
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Box 3 Namibian land reformIn Namibi
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Box 4 Focus AfricaCustomary rights
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property, some indigenous peoples a
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• Where consensus is hard to obta
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and the establishment of transparen
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which develop into a fully serviced
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Box 5 Sale of land: examples oflega
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as collateral more of the poor woul
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Enhancing Access to Land and Real P
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Box 8 Example of Singapore:public h
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Box 10 Slum upgradinginitiative in
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2. Pay Attention to Sequencing. The
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Foster Coalitions of Change in Favo
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Chapter 2 EndnotesUniversal Declara
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ers, refl ecting the allocation of
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ing industry through the scheme. (S
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193 See Tomlinson 2007.194 UN-ESCAP
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presented at the National Workshop
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Property Rights.’ At: http://www.
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Empowerment, issue 2, Oslo: 65-90.R
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ChapterTHREETowards a GlobalSocial
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and grounded in conditions of freed
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voluntary code-of-conduct initiativ
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outside their protective reach. The
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and sustainable solutions and peopl
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Segmentation in the Informal Labour
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Informalisation of Labour MarketsTh
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pation worldwide has given rise to
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through a variety of legal instrume
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Box 4 Social case for labourregulat
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Box 5 ILO Conventions and Recommend
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provision of full, productive, free
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Labour Conference in 1996, in recog
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different paths to enforcement, wit
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Table 1 Mean Measures of Regulation
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However, a more detailed examinatio
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countries this translates into unem
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legislative changes, it will critic
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6. Principles and practicesof Labou
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The Homeless People’s Federation
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Conclusions for national strategies
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tions and responsive mechanisms tha
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ticularly the prohibition of forced
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Annex 1:Recent and current initiati
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the following four-fold test: ‘(1
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Nations, the ILO and the World Bank
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able to go beyond general statement
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Case 8:Minimum Living Standard Secu
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Case 11:China’s positive response
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er, perhaps even prepaid, to ease t
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48 Including the UN funds, programm
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the Formal Economy and Informal Reg
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131—182.Sabel, C., D. O’Rourke,
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY‘The opposite of
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vast majority earn their living in
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and economic activity. First, in or
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ment procurement, tax rebates, and
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developing countries, however, info
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of the provision of adequate infras
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preneurs and small sector enterpris
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negative manifestations of informal
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million persons and their dependent
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within which business operates offe
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developed countries. In 1998, women
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four percent employed in the public
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3.Business Rights:Unlocking Barrier
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Street VendorsCommon issues and cha
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Box 3 Most Difficult Places toDo Bu
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Case Study:Ukraine and Private Busi
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The Chart below captures broadly th
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in helping the poor create wealth.
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tively unknown markets that require
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Case Study:Linking Markets: Promoti
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micro-finance activities. Micro-fin
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Remittances — the transfer of fun
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Case Study:Durban: A Heterogeneous
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5. Institutional changesand legal t
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step toward this kind of structure.
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key topics in simple and clear lang
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oped as part of a long-term regulat
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cured creditors have priority to th
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• Access to improved skills and t
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Case Study:Identity, Voice, and Ass
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6. Pursuing the agenda forchangeOve
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Case Study:Technology and the Infor
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is not the aim to diminish the enor
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in risky environments — in urban
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accepted customary forms could mean
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Recommendations and Key MessagesObj
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Chapter 4 Endnotes1 A business has
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than the rich. It further demonstra
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______., ‘Ghana Decent Work Pilot
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ChapterFIVERoad Maps forImplementat
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Following the contextual analysis
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establish a ‘legal empowerment pr
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targeted indicators endorsed by nat
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1. Introduction: Attributesof Legal
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2. Implementation:Challenges andOpp
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nature need to be rewritten or abol
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Figure 5.2 Influences on Policy Imp
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Table 5.2 Illustrative Stakeholder
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effective land control does not nec
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actors and assuming they will behav
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cymakers must tailor their empowerm
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ut some community members report be
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efore taking on implementation, or
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Table 5.3. Political Administrative
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not give up their position willingl
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Box 5.5 Authority Systems: Land Rig
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Afinal source of complexity is that
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almost always have the upper hand b
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Table 5.4 Skeleton Diagnostic Tool:
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3.Roadmaps toImplementationReforms
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Table 5.5 Country Specific Implemen
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Table 5.7 Empowerment Domain 2: Pro
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Table 5.8 Empowerment Domain 3: Lab
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Table 5.10 LEP Implementation Strat
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plans, poverty reduction strategies
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Box 5.7 Land Sector Harmonisation,
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quality and utility in establishing
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Table 5.12 A Framework for a Demand
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Empowerment of the poor in the end
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4.Bring existing technical solution
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Annex 1: PolicyImplementation Tools
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MIS: A Management Information Syste
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Training (on leadership, group work
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of labour disputes: An internationa
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on whether patent and copyright pro
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oads — cover only a limited numbe
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28 http://www.ilo.org/dyn/gender/ge
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Ouchi, Fumika. 2004. Twinning as a
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