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28 http://www.ilo.org/dyn/gender/genderresources.details?p_lang=en&p_category=NEW&p_resource_id=31329 http://www.ilo.org/dyn/gender/genderresources.details?p_lang=en&p_category=NEW&p_resource_id=30930 http://www.ilo.org/dyn/gender/genderresources.details?p_lang=en&p_category=NEW&p_resource_id=13831 Business Licensing Reform: A Toolkit for DevelopmentPractitioners, The World Bank Group, 2006, available at www.businessenvironment.org/dyn/be/docs/137/LicensingReform32 Good Practices for Business Inspections, Guidelines forReformers, Small and Medium Enterprises Department, TheWorld Bank Group, 2006, available at www.ifc.org/ifcext/sme.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/BEEGood+Practices+for+Business+Inspection/$FILE/Bus+Inspect+Book.pdf33 Reforming Business Registration Regulatory Procedures atthe National Level, A Reform Toolkit for Project Teams, Small andMedium Enterprises Department, The World Bank Group, 2006,available at www.ifc.org/ifcext/sme.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/BEEReformBusRegNational/$File/Bus+Reg+book.pdf34 Simplifi cation of Business Regulations at the Sub-NationalLevel, A Reform Implementation Toolkit for Project Teams, InternationalFinance Corporation, The World Bank Group, 2006, available at www.ifc.org/ifcext/sme.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/BEESubnational/$File/BeeToolkit05_full.pdf35 The Commonwealth Youth Credit Initiative Toolkit,Commonwealth Secretariat, 2002.36 http://topics.developmentgateway.org/microfi nance/rc/ItemDetail.do~1053.37 Anti-Corruption Toolkit, United Nations Offi ce on Drugs andCrime, 2004, available at www.unodc.org/unodc/corruption_toolkit.html38 www.transparency.org/tools/e_toolkit39 http://www.bertelsmann-transformation-index.de/atlas.0.html?&L=140 http://www.beri.com41 http://www.columbia.edu42 http://www.columbia.edu43 http://www.eiu.com44 http://www.freedomhouse.org45 http://www.gallup-international.com46 http://www.globalinsight.com47 http://www.globalinsight.com48 http://www.heritage.org49 http://www.imd.ch50 http://www.merchantinternational.com51 http://www.prsgroup.com52 http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/53 http://www.humanrightsdata.com54 http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/economics.nsf/Content/IC-WBESConditions55 http://www.weforum.org56 http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS57 http://research.accessinitiative.org/?module=research.methodology58 http://www.bertelsmann-transformation-index.de/atlas.0.html?&L=159 http://www.worldbank.org60 http://www.eiu.com61 http://www.imd.ch62 http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/economics.nsf/Content/IC-WBESConditions63 http://www.weforum.org64 http://www.undp.org65 http://internationalpropertyrightsindex.org/index.php?content=home66 http://www.cohre.org67 http://www.landcoalition.org/programme/polcompropstudy.htm68 http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/mdg/Metadata.aspx?IndicatorId=3269 http://www.unhabitat.org70 http://www.eiu.com71 http://www.freedomhouse.org72 http://www.imd.ch73 http://www.undp.org74 http://.www.ilo.org/ilolex75 Obviously relevant only if such people exist in the countryconcerned.76 http://laborsta.ilo.org. Employment in the informal economy,child labour statistics, decent work indicators, forced labour andgender discrimination are instances of areas where this databasecan be mined.77 http://www.beri.com78 http://www.columbia.edu79 http://www.worldbank.org80 http://www.eiu.com81 http://www.freedomhouse.org82 http://www.gallup-international.com83 http://www.globalinsight.com84 http://www.globalinsight.com85 http://www.heritage.org86 http://www.imd.ch87 http://www.merchantinternational.com88 http://www.prsgroup.com89 http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/economics.nsf/Content/IC-WBESConditions90 http://www.weforum.org351
Chapter 5 BibliographyAbdul-Jalil, Musa Adam. 2005. ‘Land Tenure and Inter-EthnicConfl ict in Darfur,’ in Report of the Conference on LandTenure and Confl ict in Africa: Prevention, Mitigation andReconstruction. Nairobi: ACTS Press.Alsop, Ruth, and Nina Heinsohn. 2005. Measuring Empowerment inPractice: Structuring Analysis and Framework Indicators,World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3510.Arndt, Christiane, and Charles Oman. 2006. Uses and Abuses ofGovernance Indicators, OECD Development Centre Study.Assaad, Ragui. 1996. Formalizing the Informal? The Transformationof Cairo’s Refuse Collection System, Journal of PlanningEducation and Research 16 (2), 115-126.Aursnes, Ingunn Sofi e, and Conor Foley. 2005. (April) PropertyRestitution in Practice: The Norwegian Refugee Councils’Experience, Norwegian Refugee Council.Barrett, Jane. 2003. Organising in the Informal Economy: A Case Studyof the Minibus Taxi Industry in South Africa, SEED WorkingPaper No.39, ILO.Berg, Janine, and Sandrine Cazes. 2007. The Doing BusinessIndicators: Measurement Issues and Political Implications,ILO Economic and Labour Market Papers 2007/6, Geneva.Bianchi, Robert R. and Sherrie A. Kossoudji. 2001. Interest Groupsand Organisations as Stakeholders, World Bank, SocialDevelopment Papers No. 35.Brinkerhoff, Derick W. 2000. ‘Assessing Political Will for Anti-Corruption Efforts: An Analytic Framework.’ PublicAdministration and Development 20 (3), 239-252.Brinkerhoff, Derick W., and Benjamin L. Crosby. 2002. ManagingPolicy Reform, Concepts and Tools for Decision-Makersin Developing and Transition Countries, Bloomfi eld, CT,Kumarian Press.Brinkerhoff, Derick W., and Arthur A. Goldsmith. 2004. ‘GoodGovernance, Clientelism and Patrimonialism: NewPerspectives on Old Problems.’International PublicManagement Journal 7 (2), 163-185._______. 2005. ‘Institutional Dualism and InternationalDevelopment: A Revisionist Interpretation of GoodGovernance.’ Administration and Society 37 (2), 199-224.Bruce, John W. et al. 1996. Country Profi les of Land Tenure: Africa,University of Wisconsin, Land Tenure Center.Cook, Maria L. 2005. ‘International Labor Standards and DomesticLabor Advocates: The Politics of Labor Rights in LatinAmerica.’ Paper presented at the annual meeting of theAmerican Political Science Association .Washington, DC.Cotula, Lorenzo. 2007. Legal Empowerment for Local Resource Control.International Institute for Environment and Development.Cousins, Ben et al. 2005. ‘Will Formalizing Property Rights ReducePoverty in South Africa’s ‘Second Economy’? ‘ for Land andAgrarian Studies. School of Government. University of theWestern Cape, South Africa.Decker, Klaus, Caroline Sage, and Milena Stefanova. 2005. Law orJustice: Building Equitable Legal Institutions. World Bank,WDR 2006 Background Paper.Eurostat/UNDP. 2004. Governance Indicators: A Users’ Guide.Luxembourg and New York.Fung, Archon, and Erik O. Wright 2003. ‘Countervailing Power inEmpowered Participatory Governance.’ In Fung and Wright,eds. Deepening Democracy: Institutional Innovations inEmpowered Participatory Governance. Fung and Wright,eds., London: Verso.Golub, Stephen. 2003. Beyond Rule of Law Orthodoxy: The LegalEmpowerment Alternative, Rule of Law Series No. 41,Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.Grindle, Merilee. 2007. Good Enough Governance Revisited,Development Policy Review 25 (5), 533-574.Hart, Stuart L. 2005. Capitalism at the Crossroads: The UnlimitedBusiness Opportunities in Solving the World’s Most Diffi cultProblems, Upper Saddle River, NJ, Wharton School.He, Xin. 2005. ‘Why Do They Not Comply with the Law? Illegality andSemi-Legality among Rural-Urban Migrant Entrepreneursin Beijing.’ Law and Society Review 39 (3), 527-562.ILO. 2001. Stopping Forced Labour, Geneva, available at http://www.ilo.org/dyn/declaris/DECLARATIONWEB.DOWNLOAD_BLOB?Var_DocumentID=1578._______. 2003. Working out of Poverty, Geneva, available athttp://www.ilo.org/global/About_the_ILO/Mainpillars/Workingoutofpoverty/lang--en/docName--KD00116/index.htm._______. 2004. Organising for Social Justice, Geneva, availableat http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/strat/analysis/poverty.htm._______. 2007. Equality at Work: Tackling the Challenges. Geneva.Available at http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---webdev/documents/publication/wcms_082607.pdfICMM, the World Bank and ESMAP. 2005. Community DevelopmentToolkit. Available at http://www.icmm.com/publications/1342CDT.pdf.Kamunyori, Sheila Wanjiru. 2007. ‘A Growing Space for Dialogue:The Case of Street Vending in Nairobi’s Central BusinessDistrict,’ unpublished Masters Thesis. MassachusettsInstitute of Technology.Kucera, David, ed. 2007. Qualitative Indicators of Labour Standards:Comparative Methods and Applications. Dordrecht:Springer.Le Sage, Andre. 2005. Stateless Justice in Somalia: Formal andInformal Rule of Law Initiatives. Geneva, Centre forHumanitarian Dialogue.Lindenberg, Marc, and Shantayanan Devarajan. 1993. ‘PrescribingStrong Economic Medicine: Revisiting the Myths aboutStructural Adjustment, Democracy, and EconomicPerformance in Developing Countries.’ Comparative Politics25 (2), 169-182.Moser, Caroline. 2005. An Introduction to Gender Audit Methodology.London: Overseas Development Institute.Örtengren, Kari. 2004. The Logical Framework Approach: A Summary ofthe Theory behind the LFA Method, SIDA, available at www.sida.se/publications.352
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Makingthe LawWork forEveryoneCopyri
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In reply to its expression of sorro
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group chaired by Commission members
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so that their informal contracts ha
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Table of contentsChapter 1 Access t
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Reforming Rules Regarding Bearers a
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The Economics of Informality and th
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Taking Microcredit Out of the Ghett
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5.6 Empowerment Domain 1: Access to
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1. IntroductionThe Commission on Le
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Theoretical perspectives that infor
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long-term migrant or refugee popula
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digital camera that could be used t
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or social services fraud. Thus, alt
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3. Strategies to CreateAffordable,
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is secured through social pressure
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sufficient guidance as to the best
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even better, by showing the ones wi
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A related option is teaching the po
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some other trusted service provider
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From an economic perspective this s
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2007). Such mechanisms prove prefer
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can play an important role in mobil
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motives — such as the desire to m
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of some legal action brought by the
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ernments may consider to remove art
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sations may make better decisions a
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ence others in the supply chain to
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ing access to justice for disadvant
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ardisation and simplification) and
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ary or informal systems, may improv
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Box 2 Coping with Legal Pluralism i
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cies (including local authorities)
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(ADB 2001b). These and other exampl
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e restructured in a way that reduce
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impact of a proposed action on some
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5. Conclusions andRecommendationsIn
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Chapter 1 Endnotes1 Excellent recen
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Lopez-de-Silanes, F. 2002. The Poli
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ChapterTWOEmpowering thePoor Throug
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the West, but that has made entire
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and insurance — to facilitate tra
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Table 1 Mapping the dynamics of leg
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creasing finance for land reform an
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I. IntroductionAs these lines are b
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contributed to its substance. But a
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sis to protect transactions or to p
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in their countries is added reason
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is concentrated in the hands of the
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property, contribute to the exclusi
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There may be sound policy reasons f
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system as a system of rules regardi
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Box 3 Namibian land reformIn Namibi
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Box 4 Focus AfricaCustomary rights
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property, some indigenous peoples a
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• Where consensus is hard to obta
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and the establishment of transparen
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which develop into a fully serviced
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Box 5 Sale of land: examples oflega
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as collateral more of the poor woul
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Enhancing Access to Land and Real P
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Box 8 Example of Singapore:public h
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Box 10 Slum upgradinginitiative in
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2. Pay Attention to Sequencing. The
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Foster Coalitions of Change in Favo
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Chapter 2 EndnotesUniversal Declara
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ers, refl ecting the allocation of
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ing industry through the scheme. (S
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193 See Tomlinson 2007.194 UN-ESCAP
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presented at the National Workshop
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Property Rights.’ At: http://www.
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Empowerment, issue 2, Oslo: 65-90.R
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ChapterTHREETowards a GlobalSocial
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and grounded in conditions of freed
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voluntary code-of-conduct initiativ
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outside their protective reach. The
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and sustainable solutions and peopl
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Segmentation in the Informal Labour
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Informalisation of Labour MarketsTh
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pation worldwide has given rise to
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through a variety of legal instrume
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Box 4 Social case for labourregulat
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Box 5 ILO Conventions and Recommend
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provision of full, productive, free
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Labour Conference in 1996, in recog
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different paths to enforcement, wit
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Table 1 Mean Measures of Regulation
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However, a more detailed examinatio
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countries this translates into unem
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legislative changes, it will critic
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6. Principles and practicesof Labou
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The Homeless People’s Federation
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Conclusions for national strategies
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tions and responsive mechanisms tha
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ticularly the prohibition of forced
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Annex 1:Recent and current initiati
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the following four-fold test: ‘(1
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Nations, the ILO and the World Bank
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able to go beyond general statement
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Case 8:Minimum Living Standard Secu
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Case 11:China’s positive response
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er, perhaps even prepaid, to ease t
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48 Including the UN funds, programm
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the Formal Economy and Informal Reg
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131—182.Sabel, C., D. O’Rourke,
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY‘The opposite of
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vast majority earn their living in
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and economic activity. First, in or
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ment procurement, tax rebates, and
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developing countries, however, info
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of the provision of adequate infras
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preneurs and small sector enterpris
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negative manifestations of informal
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million persons and their dependent
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within which business operates offe
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developed countries. In 1998, women
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four percent employed in the public
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3.Business Rights:Unlocking Barrier
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Street VendorsCommon issues and cha
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Box 3 Most Difficult Places toDo Bu
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Case Study:Ukraine and Private Busi
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The Chart below captures broadly th
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in helping the poor create wealth.
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tively unknown markets that require
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Case Study:Linking Markets: Promoti
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micro-finance activities. Micro-fin
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Remittances — the transfer of fun
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Case Study:Durban: A Heterogeneous
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5. Institutional changesand legal t
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step toward this kind of structure.
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key topics in simple and clear lang
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oped as part of a long-term regulat
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cured creditors have priority to th
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• Access to improved skills and t
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Case Study:Identity, Voice, and Ass
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6. Pursuing the agenda forchangeOve
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Case Study:Technology and the Infor
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is not the aim to diminish the enor
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in risky environments — in urban
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accepted customary forms could mean
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Recommendations and Key MessagesObj
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Chapter 4 Endnotes1 A business has
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than the rich. It further demonstra
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______., ‘Ghana Decent Work Pilot
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ChapterFIVERoad Maps forImplementat
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Following the contextual analysis
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establish a ‘legal empowerment pr
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targeted indicators endorsed by nat
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1. Introduction: Attributesof Legal
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2. Implementation:Challenges andOpp
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nature need to be rewritten or abol
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Figure 5.2 Influences on Policy Imp
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Table 5.2 Illustrative Stakeholder
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effective land control does not nec
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actors and assuming they will behav
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cymakers must tailor their empowerm
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ut some community members report be
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Page 374: Ouchi, Fumika. 2004. Twinning as a
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