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Table 5.8 Empowerment Domain 3: Labour RightsFramework of Opportunities and ProtectionsLegal and Other Instruments Problem for Poor People Opportunities/Protections• Universal Declaration onHuman Rights (UDHR), CESPR,CCPR• ILO Conventions• Extracts from otherinternational human rightstreaties, declarations, etc.• Rights to decent work/livelihoods• National labour laws• Collective bargainingagreements• Some corporate codes ofconduct• Earnings inadequate to supportfamily• Lack of recognition• Denial of freedom ofassociation• Institutional barriers/issues• Unsafe working conditions• Child labour• Forced/bonded labour• Discrimination• Barriers to combining work andfamily• Lack of social security/protection• Low productivity and long hours• Productive employment with higherincomes• Skill acquisition/upgrading• Balanced regulation of subcontracting• Improved enforcement mechanismsand other institutions• Legal framework for stronger collectiverepresentation• Minimum package of labour rights forinformal economy workers• Innovations in social protection• Measures for gender and indigenousequity• Rapid, efficient and low-cost disputeresolution mechanismsassets, to the petty trader, the mobile hairdresser,the shopkeeper or tea-shop owner to the smallbusiness person with less than five employees,and the larger formal sector business. All thesedifferent entrepreneurs require different levels ofprotection and access to different kinds of opportunities.Examples of these rules and institutions areguarantees of fundamental rights, member-basedorganisations, cooperatives, access to financialservices, social security innovations, insurance,credit, equity and capital.These questions become even more important becausethe Commission’s intent is not to push legalTable 5.9 Empowerment Domain 4: Business RightsFramework of Opportunities and ProtectionsLegal Instruments Problem for Poor People Opportunities/Protections• Universal Declaration onHuman Rights (UDHR)• Rights to livelihoods• Right to development• Extract from other internationalhuman rights treaties,conventions, declarations, etc.• Lack of recognition-vulnerability• Institutional barriers to formaleconomy: Complicated procedures(entry/exit, expansion of businesscontracts, conflict resolution)• Health and environmental risks• Lack of credit and capital• Lack of social security/protection• Registration• Member-based organisations(associations, cooperatives)• Access to credit, equity andcapitalisation• Rapid, efficient and low-costdispute resolution mechanisms• Social security deficits (insurance)321