A literary history of Persia

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e Knusraw ParwizJiagir called Ta'us
A Literary Historyof PersiaFrom the Earliest Times until FirdawsiCAM OWENEdward G. Browne, M.A., M.BSir Thomas Adams' Professor of Arabic, Fellow of PembrokeCollege,and sometime Lecturer in Persian in theUniversity of CambridgeLondonT. Fisher Unwin Ltd:AdelphiTerrace
Page 11: . andA Literary Historyof PersiaFro
Page 15 and 16: StackAnnexPtPrefaceFOR many yearsI
Page 17 and 18: PREFACEixdown to the Mongol Invasio
Page 19: PREFACExl7f," says a well-known Eas
Page 22 and 23: xivCONTENTSCHAPTERVII.BOOK IIION TH
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER IINTRODUCTORYTHIS book, as
Page 27 and 28: THE OLD PERSIAN LANGUAGE 5in the th
Page 29 and 30: PERIODS OF THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE 7Pd
Page 31 and 32: DISUSE OF PAHLAWt SCRIPT $Armenian
Page 33 and 34: BEGINNINGS OF MODERN PERSIAN 11char
Page 35 and 36: BEGINNINGS OF PERSIAN POETRY 13glee
Page 37 and 38: BARBAD THE MINSTREL 15were transcri
Page 39 and 40: BARBAD AND RtfDAGt I?"When Rudagi r
Page 41 and 42: THE MEDES 19now enter is, unfortuna
Page 43 and 44: THE MEDES 21and disclosed by Mordec
Page 45 and 46: THE MEDES 23bcrceau du Zoroastrisme
Page 47 and 48: LANGUAGE OF THE AVESTA **>same unan
Page 49 and 50: PERSIAN DIALECTS 27" Pehlevi-Musulm
Page 51 and 52: DATE OF THE A VESTA 29Paris, 1892-3
Page 53 and 54: 'THE CRIME OF " MA GICIDE " }tSasin
Page 55 and 56: fORIGIN OF THE IRANIANS 33the race
Page 57 and 58: GEOGRAPHY OF THE A VESTA 35the reli
Page 59 and 60: SEMTTIC INFLUENCES 37Greek is far m
Page 61 and 62: CHAPTER IITHE DISCOVERY AND INTERPR
Page 63 and 64:
ARABIC CHAIRS FOUNDED 41according t
Page 65 and 66:
THOMAS HYDE 43the Arabic Mah prefix
Page 67 and 68:
ANQUETIL DU PERRON 45year above men
Page 69 and 70:
ANQUETIL DU PERRON 47immediately co
Page 71 and 72:
S7R WILLIAM JONES 49whence, after a
Page 73 and 74:
SJR W. JONES AND ANQUETIL 51de Us e
Page 75 and 76:
S/R W. JONES AND ANQUETIL 53Sir Wil
Page 77 and 78:
WILLIAM JONES 55with many of them,
Page 79 and 80:
VINDICATION OF ANQUETIL 57catholic
Page 81 and 82:
DECIPHERMENT OF INSCRIPTIONS 59know
Page 83 and 84:
DECIPHERMENT OF INSCRIPTIONS 61of t
Page 85 and 86:
DECIPHERMENT OF INSCRIPTIONS 63Yet,
Page 87 and 88:
ORIGIN OF PERSIAN CUNEIFORM 65From
Page 89 and 90:
BURNOUF'S WORK 67and the like, in t
Page 91 and 92:
"THE WAR OF THE METHODS" 69acumen,"
Page 93 and 94:
PAHLA Wt INSCRIPTIONS 71The Sdsania
Page 95 and 96:
HUZVARISH 73more as to the essentia
Page 97 and 98:
HUZVARISH 75at." So in like manner
Page 99 and 100:
RECAPITULATION 77so whatever they w
Page 101 and 102:
RECAPITULATION 79language " be used
Page 103 and 104:
RECA PITULA TION8 iof the third and
Page 105 and 106:
MODERN DIALECTS 83added concerning
Page 107 and 108:
DIALECTAL POETRY 853-Vi-shum, vdshu
Page 109 and 110:
DIALECTS OF PERSIA 87Kirman, Rafsin
Page 111 and 112:
A PERSONAL EXPLANATION 89(iii) The
Page 113 and 114:
ACHAEMENIAN INSCRIPTIONS 91produce
Page 115 and 116:
ACHMMENIAN INSCRIPTIONS 93Any obser
Page 117 and 118:
THE A VESTA 95heard itsaid by Engli
Page 119 and 120:
Avesta during the periodTHE A VESTA
Page 121 and 122:
, THE AVESTA 99festation of the Ine
Page 123 and 124:
THE AVESTA 101spiritual hierarchy.T
Page 125 and 126:
PAHLAWt INSCRIPTIONS 103III.THE PAH
Page 127 and 128:
PAHLA Wt L1TERA TURE 16$1. Pahlawi
Page 129 and 130:
PAHLA Wt LITERA TURE 107Bridge of $
Page 131 and 132:
thoughPAHLAWt LITERATURE 109the con
Page 133 and 134:
THE PERSIAN EPICinsources inscripti
Page 135 and 136:
DOCTORTHE PERSfAMBfcWEN MIN4SJAN,th
Page 137 and 138:
THE PERSIAN EPICitsDevil, who begui
Page 139 and 140:
THE PERSIAN EPIC 117the Avesta as a
Page 141 and 142:
THE PERSIAN EPICas follows. The fir
Page 143 and 144:
THE PERSIAN EPIC 121and professedly
Page 145:
THE PERSIAN EPIC 123This Pahlawi Kh
Page 149 and 150:
CHAPTER IVTHE SAsANIAN PERIOD (A.D.
Page 151 and 152:
DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS 129were withd
Page 153 and 154:
BfB/ SHAHR-BANti 131Now whether thi
Page 155 and 156:
BiBt SHAHR-BANll 133the Persian hat
Page 157 and 158:
TOLERATION A SIN 135delivered up un
Page 159 and 160:
LEGEND OF ARDASHJR 137Sasanian dyna
Page 161 and 162:
LEGEND OF ARDASH/R 139Karnamak."Aft
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141Brilliantly blazing like the bri
Page 165 and 166:
LEGEND OF ARDASHJR 143The next epis
Page 167 and 168:
LEGEND 01^ ARDASH/R 145Hard by our
Page 169 and 170:
LEGEND OF HAFTAN-BOKHT 147foot of t
Page 171 and 172:
LEGEND OF HAFTAN-BdKHT 149When the
Page 173 and 174:
'THE HAji-ABAD INSCRIPTION 151of th
Page 175 and 176:
THE HAjI-ABAD INSCRIPTION 153We oug
Page 177 and 178:
THE MANICHJEANS 155the former (nota
Page 179 and 180:
THE MANICHJEANS 157corrupted thy re
Page 181 and 182:
THE MANICHAEANS 159Manichasans. ...
Page 183 and 184:
THE MANICHJSANS 161.presents itself
Page 185 and 186:
THE MANICHAEANS 163Progress of \.(A
Page 187 and 188:
THE MANICH^EANS 165standing " ;the
Page 189 and 190:
MAZDAK 167reckless cruelty, nor fro
Page 191 and 192:
MAZDAK 169the fourth Excursus (Uebe
Page 193 and 194:
MAZDAK 171we have already seen (p.
Page 195 and 196:
FALL OF THE HOUSE OF SAsAN 173no ye
Page 197 and 198:
THE CHRISTIANS OF NEJRAN 175Bilqis
Page 199 and 200:
"THE PEOPLE OF THE ELEPHANT" 177Whi
Page 201 and 202:
seek relief from one of the two gre
Page 203 and 204:
REGICIDE AND ANARCHY 181in the midd
Page 205 and 206:
THE PROPHETS MESSAGE 183the doomed
Page 207 and 208:
CHAPTER VTHE ARAB INVASION" DURING
Page 209 and 210:
MUSLIMS BEFORE THE NEGtfSH 187of th
Page 211 and 212:
THE EARLY MUSLIMS 189down his leg,
Page 213 and 214:
191and tribal interests to the dema
Page 215 and 216:
THE PAGAN ARABS 193And if Hudhayl b
Page 217 and 218:
AL-FAKHRt'S NARRATIVE 195and their
Page 219 and 220:
AL-FAKHRt'S NARRATIVE 197concealed
Page 221 and 222:
AL-FAKHRJ'S NARRATIVE 199possession
Page 223 and 224:
CONVERSION OF THE PERSIANS 201retai
Page 225 and 226:
EARLY PERSIAN CONVERTS 203soldiers
Page 227 and 228:
PERSIAN INDISPENSABLE TO ARABS 205i
Page 229 and 230:
SURVIVAL OF "FIRE WORSHIP'' 207the
Page 231 and 232:
CHAPTER VITHE UMAYYAD PERIOD (A.D.
Page 233 and 234:
THE CALIPHATE 211the metropolis of
Page 235 and 236:
THE PROPHET'S ACHIEVEMENT 213missio
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CALIPHATE OF 'UTHMAN 215UMAYYAAbul-
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MURDER OF 'UTHAlAN 217able for thei
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AND MU'AWIYA 219raise aloft on thei
Page 243 and 244:
221like Tamim), and the heroes of Q
Page 245 and 246:
THE KHARIJITES 223cried out, "Thou
Page 247 and 248:
YAZfD 22$It was still worse when, o
Page 249 and 250:
KERBELA 227devotion ;but henceforth
Page 251 and 252:
REBELLION OF AL-MUKHTAR 229the murd
Page 253 and 254:
CAUSES OF DISCONTENT 231sanctity of
Page 255 and 256:
233it not the sole aim. But this di
Page 257 and 258:
'UMAX IBN 'ABDU'L-'AZfZ 235unto men
Page 259 and 260:
THE lABBASID PROPAGANDA 237outbreak
Page 261 and 262:
SECTS OF THE SHPA 239Broadlyspeakin
Page 263 and 264:
PRESAGES OF DISASTER 241A.D. 745, a
Page 265 and 266:
THE REVOLUTION 243Abbasid, whereupo
Page 267 and 268:
DISILLUS10NMENJ 245the lesser Zab b
Page 269:
EFFECTS OF THE REVOLUTION 247his re
Page 273 and 274:
CHAPTER VIIGENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Page 275 and 276:
CHARACTER OF 'ABBASID RULE 253all f
Page 277 and 278:
THE OFFICE OF WAZtR 255tuality) lar
Page 279 and 280:
THE OFFICE OF WAZ/R 257as we have s
Page 281 and 282:
REVIVAL OF PERSIAN CUSTOMS 259Anoth
Page 283 and 284:
CONTEMPT OF ARABS FOR LETTERS 261ob
Page 285 and 286:
LITERARY PRE-EMINENCE OF PERSIANS 2
Page 287 and 288:
THE SHU'tfBIYYA 265Christian than t
Page 289 and 290:
PRIDE OF THE PERSIANS 267They hare
Page 291 and 292:
THE SHU'tfBIYYAThe Sku'ubiyya contr
Page 293 and 294:
EVOLUTION OF MUSLIM SCIENCES 271nec
Page 295 and 296:
EARLIEST ARABIC PROSE 273handed on
Page 297 and 298:
CHIEF WRITERS OF THIS PERIOD 275The
Page 299 and 300:
CHIEF WRITERS OF THIS PERIOD 277(22
Page 301 and 302:
Wfi0CHAPTER VIIITHE DEVELOPMENTS OF
Page 303 and 304:
THE MWTAZILA 281Uraayyad period per
Page 305 and 306:
THE DOCTRINE OF FREE WILL 283Caliph
Page 307 and 308:
THE MU'TAZILA DOMINANT 285Withiq fo
Page 309 and 310:
DOCTRINE OF THE MU'TAZILA 287of the
Page 311 and 312:
DECLINE OF THE MU'TAZILA 289but see
Page 313 and 314:
AL-ASH'ARf 291and its siteploughed
Page 315 and 316:
THE IKHWANU 'S-SAFA 293of the 'Abba
Page 317 and 318:
THE ORTHODOX SCHOOLS 295Persian des
Page 319 and 320:
THE EARLY StfF/Swritten with the so
Page 321 and 322:
THE EARLY StfF/S 299sharply with th
Page 323 and 324:
ORIGIN OF SUF1ISM 301not convinced
Page 325 and 326:
THE SABAEANS 303their hair extremel
Page 327 and 328:
THE SYRIANS OF HARRAN 30$great tran
Page 329 and 330:
HERESY IN FASHION- 307says: "Philos
Page 331 and 332:
BIH-AFARfDH 309he had beheld him de
Page 333 and 334:
THE ULTRA-SHf'ITES 311[who believe
Page 335 and 336:
SINBADH "THE MAGIAN" 313followers o
Page 337 and 338:
THE RAWANDIYYA 315Fihnst (p. 345) h
Page 339 and 340:
USTADHS/3places, believing that the
Page 341 and 342:
"THE VEILED PROPHET" 319al-Muqanna'
Page 343 and 344:
"THE VEILED PROPHET" 321"This verse
Page 345 and 346:
BABAK AL-KHURRAMf 323teenth century
Page 347 and 348:
BABAK AL-KHURRAMf* 325went forth in
Page 349 and 350:
BABAK AL-KHURRAMf 327" 'So when it
Page 351 and 352:
EXECUTION OF BABAK 329the Khurramis
Page 353 and 354:
THE TRIAL OF AFSH/N 331two others w
Page 355 and 356:
THE TRIAL OF AFSHfN 333" what means
Page 357 and 358:
THE TRIAL OF AFSHiN 335flies ' (mea
Page 359:
BOOK IVON THE FIRST PERIOD OF THE D
Page 362 and 363:
340 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEand sti
Page 364 and 365:
342 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATETurkish
Page 366 and 367:
344 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEbadges,
Page 368 and 369:
346 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEIt was
Page 370 and 371:
348 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEfounded
Page 372 and 373:
350 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEslaves
Page 374 and 375:
DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATE" " Occulta
Page 376 and 377:
'-354 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEThe s
Page 378 and 379:
356 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATERawdhak
Page 380 and 381:
358 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEardent
Page 382 and 383:
360- DECLINE >OF THE CALIPHATEdynas
Page 384 and 385:
362 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATE"Those
Page 386 and 387:
364 DECLINE OP THE CALIPHATEmay men
Page 388 and 389:
366 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEthe sam
Page 390 and 391:
'368 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATECarmat
Page 392 and 393:
3/0 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATE>others
Page 394 and 395:
372of Islam. This Sabuktagin was or
Page 396 and 397:
374 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEwith ea
Page 398 and 399:
376 DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATEof Isld
Page 400 and 401:
378 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREo
Page 402 and 403:
380 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREI
Page 404 and 405:
.ii.382 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERAT
Page 406 and 407:
384 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREh
Page 408 and 409:
386 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREF
Page 410 and 411:
388 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREH
Page 412 and 413:
390 THE STATE OF MUSLIM LITERATUREo
Page 414 and 415:
392 THE ISMAlLi SECT(especially tho
Page 416 and 417:
394 ^HE ISMA'/Lf SECTMaymtin al-Qad
Page 418 and 419:
1 a'396 THE ISMAfli SECTtheir oppre
Page 420 and 421:
398 THE ISMA'JLI SECTof Syria was i
Page 422 and 423:
400 THE ISMA'JLf SECTwhile, on the
Page 424 and 425:
402 THE iSMAlLt SECTafter this (A.D
Page 426 and 427:
404set in its place, to the infinit
Page 428 and 429:
406 THE ISMA'lLf SECTTo Europeans t
Page 430 and 431:
408 THE ISMAIL! SECT("owing allegia
Page 432 and 433:
410 THE ISMAiLJ SECT5. Space, or Pl
Page 434 and 435:
412 THE ISMAfLI SECTthat the skins
Page 436 and 437:
4HTHE ISMAftf SECTnot the last of t
Page 438 and 439:
CHAPTER XIIIRELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS OF
Page 440 and 441:
4J8THE StfFf MYSTICISMcame into use
Page 442 and 443:
420 THE $tfFI MYSTICISMan enormous
Page 444 and 445:
422 THE StfFf MYSTICISMthan the gre
Page 446 and 447:
424 THE StfFf MYSTICISMthe Turkish
Page 448 and 449:
426 THE $tfFJ MYSTICISMSayings of S
Page 450 and 451:
428 THE Sl)Fl MYSTICISMregarding Go
Page 452 and 453:
430 THE SIJF1 MYSTICISMin one of th
Page 454 and 455:
432 THE StiFI MYSTICISMpurpose ;whi
Page 456 and 457:
434 THE StfFf MYSTICISMwoman named
Page 458 and 459:
436 THE StfFl MYSTICISMAdh-Dhahabi
Page 460 and 461:
438 THE StfFf MYSTICISMstudy, espec
Page 462 and 463:
440 THE SUFI MYSTICISMreveals the N
Page 464 and 465:
442 THE StfFf MYSTICISMescape from
Page 466 and 467:
444 THE SI)Ft MYSTICISMthere are le
Page 468 and 469:
446 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIA(includ
Page 470 and 471:
448 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIArare ma
Page 472 and 473:
450 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAwriting
Page 474 and 475:
452 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAJ. B. E
Page 476 and 477:
454 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAthough
Page 478 and 479:
456 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAagrees
Page 480 and 481:
458 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAThou mi
Page 482 and 483:
460 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAits san
Page 484 and 485:
462 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIABut for
Page 486 and 487:
464 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAHamada'
Page 488 and 489:
466 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAAbu Bak
Page 490 and 491:
468 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIASeven m
Page 492 and 493:
470 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAAth-Tha
Page 494 and 495:
472 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAmetrica
Page 496 and 497:
474 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAKalila
Page 498 and 499:
476 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAArabic
Page 500 and 501:
478 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIAruary 1
Page 502 and 503:
480 THE LITERATURE OF PERSIATo thos
Page 504 and 505:
482 BIBLIOGRAPHYin Geiger and Kuhn'
Page 506 and 507:
484 BIBLIOGRAPHYI16. G. Ravvlinson'
Page 508 and 509:
486 BIBLIOGRAPHY40. C. de Harlez :
Page 510 and 511:
BIBLIOGRAPHY62. Dr. W.Wright: The C
Page 512 and 513:
490 BIBLIOGRAPHY*8o.Wellhausen's Mt
Page 514 and 515:
492 BIBLIOGRAPHY105. Von Hammer :Hi
Page 516 and 517:
494 BIBLIOGRAPHY/-. 'Ushshdq (" Lov
Page 518 and 519:
496 BIBLIOGRAPHYLatinum Etymologicu
Page 520 and 521:
498 INDEXAdhar- (Atur-) Farnbag, so
Page 522 and 523:
5ooINDEXAvestic language (so-called
Page 524 and 525:
502 INDEXChrist See ?*$ (
Page 526 and 527:
504 INDEXFargard (chapters of Vendi
Page 528 and 529:
506 INDEXHebrew. language. 40, 41,
Page 530 and 531:
508 INDEX-Juybari, Abu Ishaq Ibrahi
Page 532 and 533:
INDEXBO considered,;246 Fatimid, 39
Page 534 and 535:
512 INDEXMuhitu'J-Multit (Arabic Di
Page 536 and 537:
5'4 INDEXPersian literature, Birth
Page 538 and 539:
INDEXSaint-Martin, 65-Sarvi (or-Sar
Page 540 and 541:
INDEXTmmm \\rntS** Tm~rtmim (fa*i !
Page 542 and 543:
52OINDEXSttfiWool typifying renunci
Page 546:
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